E. M. Flemings Model of Artifact Study and the Work Boot :: Sociology Society Culture

E. M. Flemings sit down of Artifact Study and the Work rosinessThe work bloom has become a hot item for legion(predicate) girls and young women. This artifact of appearance may reveal a litter about American culture and society in the 1990s. By applying E. M. Flemings Model of Artifact Study, I will analyze this artifact in an attempt to shed some light on the values, priorities, and ideals of our society.Just deal Flemings model suggests, this paper will be broken down into tetrad major sections Identification, valuation, Cultural Analysis, and Interpretation.IdentificationThe Eastland work boot that I am referring to in this paper is shown below. It was manufactured in Freeport, Maine. Click on the control for a catalog description from JCPenney.This is a wheat-colored, waterproof, plain-toe (as opposed to steel-toe) boot make for women. The mild Nubuck leather feels almost velvety. It has a thick rubber bushel which looks like a gum eraser with a complicated traction pa ttern. The boot seems to be put together mainly by stitching and in most places, only one row of stitching is used. The only domain of a function that looks as if it may have the additional help of glue, is where the sole meets the leather-upper. It is understandably stitched here as well, but the stitches atomic number 18 coated with glue (possibly to help keep these stitches dry). The shoe-strings, which look like yellow and brown cords, are laced through a total of twelve holes (called eyes) on from each one boot. There are six eyes lined up vertically on each side of the tongue. In this way, the shoe-strings can be laced in the traditional criss-cross pattern forming five Xs, one to a higher place the next, up the front of the boot. These Xs are located in front of the tongue. The ends of each shoe-string are tied in a bow which lies flush against the highest X.At the top of the boot, there is padding built into the collar that wraps roughly the back of the calf, just abov e the Achilles tendon. This area doesnt seem to be do entirely of leather. Instead, it seems as if this cushion is made from a very thin, darker brown, soft leather lining stuffed with foam.Overall, the boot is very light-weight, weighing only 2.8 lbs.Evaluation It is interesting to compare this boot, worn for fashion, to the ones worn by construction workers, for potency and foot protection. These real work boots, designed for men, are shown in the get wind to the right.

Shakespeares The Tempest - Is Prospero Good or Evil? :: Shakespeare Tempest

Tempest Is Prospero Good or Evil? To be able to answer this question we must commencement exercise recognise why Prospero can be nailn as commodity or evil. It is fair to say that Prospero is a main protagonist to the plot of Shakespeares Tempest. It is due to Prosperos role as a key figure in the play that has put him under so much scrutiny. Many distinguishable Shakespearean critics have their own view of Prospero and those that read or see the play also have their own opinion of the way in which Prospero may be seen.To be able to support either descent there must be evidence that backs-up each of the analysis of Prosperos constituent and why he is seen in such a way. Having been usurped and wrecked on an Island Prospero and his young daughter Miranda have to settle. It is here in Prosperos past that it graduation exercise clear to see where any confusion about his character may appear. As a learned and powerful man Prospero is able to transport direct control of the isla nd, he frees a trap and tortured kernel (Ariel) and befriends the inhabitants (Caliban). Prospero helps Caliban, he tries to educate him and teaches him to communicate, in exchange Caliban helps Prospero to survive on the Island. however in taking power of the Island Prospero is committing the same act that happened to him as Duke of Milan, this instant Prospero himself has become the usurper. In this act of goodness Prospero has unknowingly shown his evil side. Prospero having been trapped on the Island with his daughter has bring her up alone. He tries to do this in as fair a way as he sees likely teaching her right from wrong and educating her in the ways of the world,however Prospero does not inform Miranda of their past until Miranda, he feels is old enough to understand.Thy father was Duke of Milan and a Prince of power (A1 Sc2 Ln57)But with Prospero informing Miranda of this at such a late item in her life is this Prospero as a control freak solitary(prenominal) allowin g his daughter Miranda to know the truth when he feels it is time or is it Prospero be caring keeping this information from Miranda until she is of an age when she can fully understand who she is and where she came from?, again it is not clear to see if Prosperos intentions are for his own good or the good of his daughter.

Interpersonal needs

My dominate interpersonal want is inclusion. This is defined by Scouts as the need to maintain a satisfactory relationship with love to interaction and association (Scouts, 1956 p. 19). I interact with my family and friends to meet my interpersonal need of inclusion. When I take my son to the beach, I usually call my infant or friend. I invite them to come with us. During the holidays, I attend several(prenominal) events. Weather the activity is at school, with family members or a community event, I love to amount of money in the festivities. Sometimes I come class and my husband is watching a movie with our boys.I drop my backpack and Join them on the couch. We share some popcorn, and a few laughs as we get laid the movie for the seventeenth time. I am a member of a couple support groups online. One group is for mothers of children with autism. The other group is for families touch on by Spinal Muscular Atrophy. These support groups have been genuinely fulfilling for me as a mother. Having children with special needs can be very isolating. In these support groups, I am able to reach out to multitude in similar situations. We share advice. We cheer each other on, and cry out together too. I am grateful to be associated with these support groups.I determine satisfied that my dominate interpersonal need is being fulfilled. I am surrounded by loving, and caring individuals. I feel am very fortunate in this aspect. My dominate interpersonal need of inclusion, helps me maintain fast relationships with important people in my life. This need hinders me as well. I oftentimes become overwhelmed. I tend to spread myself too thin. It is hard to detect a balance, between family, friends, work and school. In order to avoid this overexertion, I need to become more organized. I need to maintain a schedule, and try not to be too many places at once.

Assumptions of Monopoly Market Essay

The monopoly describes an industry by comprising a atomic number 53 sign of the zodiac. In other words, the firm and the industry are unmatchable and the same. In the absence of regulation, monopolists can exercise agree over the prices they pluck for intersections and services. Of course, in reality, it is often difficult to define industries (whether in terms of product produced or area covered), which often causes problems in defining monopolies.The three principal(prenominal) assumptions of monopoly are Single firmIn a monopoly, there is a single firm which produces all the return of the industry. In other words, the firm and the industry are synonymous. Consequently, the demand rationalise the monopolist faces is in occurrence the same as the industry demand curve. Unique product hostile perfect disputation (where all firms produce identical products), the monopolist produces the scarcely product. In other words, there are no close substitutes being produced by other firms. This means that consumers can merely buy output from one firm. For example, traditionally in the UK before the deregulation of the 1980s and 1990s, customers could only buy gas (British Gas), telephony (British Telecommunications) and postal services (Post Office) from a single supplier. Barriers to doorwayOne of the main reasons why monopolies arise and are sustained, is that barriers to competition exist more specifically, barriers to entry and exit. Barriers to entry can be delineate generally as anything that places a potential entrant at a competitive disadvantage relative to firms already effected in the industry. compliance barriers can arise in three ways, namely government regulations ( well-grounded barriers), the proficient conditions prevailing in the industry (structural barriers) and by the actions of established firms (strategic barriers). Legal barriers set out in the form of various acts and regulations. They can arise because of various forms of reg ulation,which claim either industry structure (the number of firms in an industry) or how firms behave.Examples of legal barriers include registration, certification and licensing of businesses, patents, taxes, tariffs and quotas. Structural barriers arise from the inherent structural and technological characteristics of an industry. In other words, the extent of product differentiation, the size distribution of firms, the accessibility to firms of economies of scale and scope all determine the extent and nature of barriers to entry in any given industry. Finally, strategic barriers are erected by established firms to deter the entry of new firms. Such barriers include various forms of set and non-pricing strategies.Overall, in the case of a pure monopoly, the monopolist is effectively insulated from competition, by barriers to entry. Given that the monopolist faces a downward sloping demand curve and produces a unique product or service, it consequently has complete control ove r the prices it charges.Referencehttp//classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

To Be an Iskolar Ng Bayan

Solar Eng banian tree are words which will forever be linked to each angiotensin-converting enzyme of us studying here In this university. They are usually except accepted by students absent-minded, without truly understanding the weight of being an solar Eng banyan. Usually, for or so people, what It meaner to be an Solar Eng banyan Is simply to be a student In the state university, the premier university in the country. However, that meaning is non all there Is to it its the tip of the iceberg to what an ISO/ask stands for.What most people forget Is that the term Solar Eng banyan Is actually a literal description f what UP students are we are scholars of the country. present in UP, we often see students fight and protest for d high work out for education from the organization because this would directly affect every(prenominal) wholeness one of us kiosks and asks. A part of the annual education budget tot the country Is meant to subsidize our up talon. The relatively lo w reading fee here in UP is due to the fact that our regimen applys for some chunk of our supposed tuition because what we establish to pay for ourselves is a lower fee.However, looking at things In perspective, It Is not in truth the government hat subsidizes us. The money of the government comes from the Filipino people. Our countrymen, so we owe our education to them. Their money Is used to allow us to study here, therefore we are their scholars we are scholars of our countrymen and of our country, hence the term Solaris Eng banyan. With that in mind, we stir to remember that it is not only our parents money that is wasted every condemnation we skip our classes, every sequence we fail our exams, or every time we have to retake our subjects.We may not feel guilty for blow our parents money, but we should keep In mind hat we are similarly wasting our fellow Filipinos money. For example, our tuition may have been partly paying(a) by a hardworking father, who does his Job faithfully and honestly every day, but the salary he is able to take home to his family is not enough because tax was deducted trot it, tax which was used tort government subsidy tot UP students. Instead of being able to hand over his family with enough to eat, his money went to us, to be able to pay for our tuition.We should at least(prenominal) have the decency to be ashamed of wasting the money given to us, mandatory, by our countrymen. This s the reason why UP wants the cream of the crop, the take up students in the country, because they wouldnt want to waste the Flossing money. They know that with good students, the things taught in the classroom would not stay in the classroom, but would stick to the students minds. UP wants to throw graduates Witt nor and excellence. It is better if we all realize this at once, so we dont call ourselves Kiosks and asks meet to say we are one of the best students this country has.Lets live up to that name, to being Solaris Eng banyan, an d living up to It doesnt stop once we have radiated. It is important to remember that our country has invested in us by allowing us to be scholars. They expect a return of their Investment. Lets make their investment expenditure It. They are paying for our education so we could hopefully make their forest of life better, so we could make this country better, That is the real just doing good in school and getting high grades. Being an solar Eng banyan is taking what you learn in the classroom and using them to return the opt given to us by our countrymen.

College is worth it Essay

Having a naughtyer study has various benefits. A someones chances of being employed be group Alyer, they give earn more than(prenominal) gold than if they had a blue collar occupation, and most importantly it on the wholeow for teach them how to live. They will learn how to be an informed and involved citizen, how to clear effectively, how to understand other cultures and states, and how to view and reflect.For many students, college is a time of private growth and social development-a chance to make fri end ups, lounge around to bed people from different backgrounds, and explore new bringing close togethers and activities (Graff, Birkenstein, Durst 177). Paying for college displace be sincerely stressing, both physically and emotionally. population will hand over to struggle with loans, fiscal aid, and possibly having multiple jobs. Despite the difficulties of attending college, it will be expense it and benefit you greatly in the end.In elementary take ai m, most of you must(prenominal) have been asked what your dream job was. Your answer was most likely a fireman, a teacher, a superhero, or a singer, right? But as the years went by, you probably changed your mind, because you began to crystalise that people stoogenot fly, your voice was not the great or there was no way you can deal with annoyance kids and not even get paid enough for it. By your racyer-ranking year in high school you should have already had an idea of what you wanted to be, or what major you wanted to study at to the lowest degree.The majority of high school graduates will attend college, and if they dont they will go straight into the workforce, either because their p arnts cannot afford college, or they simply do not like school, or join the Navy or the array for that same reason of disliking school and they shape it easy because recruiters make it beneficial that way. Some high school students start working and when they see the tot up of money the y be getting, they start to believe that maybe they dont even have to go to college. They might undecomposed live sound off of their blue-collar job earnings.What they do not realize is that their parents are most likely not going to want them living at home forever and if they move go forth to have their own place, all the money they earn will no longer go to just gas and food. They will now have bills to pay. They might be clear to cope with e trulything if they have a full-time good paying job or if they have both or more jobs. They might think that their friends going to college have a part-time job and are chasten trying to pay for tuition, books, and rent.What they dont think of though, is the future. They do not realize that a few years from now, their friends will be college graduates, either with an Associates degree or a Bachelors degree. Even though it might take them a while to find a job, when they do, they will be earning twice as much money than the person who chose not to go to school. Many high school graduates are naive enough to believe that the military or whatever they get into is going to help them out with college when they get back home.It is disturbing to know that many young people go out to fight for their art slight and when they come back they are disappointed to find out that everything they did was not even worth it. They come back as changed people, and not unceasingly for the remedy. Some who actually get to see combat, come back mentally ill or even missing body parts. Their lives might never be the same after everything they have seen and been through. On top of that, they try coming back to college, and ask about the help they were going to receive, and they end up getting no aid.Afterwards there they are fight to get their veteran benefits, trying to be someone bigger and violate in life. In todays economy, lack of a college tuition greatly boundarys opportunities. Basically the longer people stay in school, t he more likely they are to have a job. College graduates are not only when more likely to have a job but have a much better paying job. The unemployment regularize for individuals who hold a Bachelors degree has always been about half the unemployment count of individuals who hold a simple high-school diploma.During a fourty-year full-time working life, the median(a) earnings of bachelors degree recipients without an advanced degree are 65% higher than the median earnings of high school graduates (Baum, Ma, Payea). Wilson claims that a student who graduates with $20,000 in debt should be able to make at least that amount in extra earnings in one to two years time, she calculates, simply by having earned a college diploma (260). People with a higher education also seem to be more satisfied in their jobs than people who only have a high school diploma.The percentage of workers ages thirty to forty-five who report being very satisfied with their work ranges from 42% of those with l ess than a high-school diploma and 51% of those with a bachelors degree or higher (Baum, Ma, Payea). You can gain self-confidence after having obtained a higher education. You will realize that you really are capable of learning at a high level. Having the higher education will have prepared you to contribute to the application you have chosen to get into.If you have higher education in a field that you are interested in, you will have a better chance of getting a job that best suits you and your abilities. This can be a very rewarding thing because you will be able to more easily find work which involves you doing something that is interesting for you, and something that you savour doing (Benefits of Getting a Higher Education). Without the higher education, you will have to limit yourself to what you are qualified for.Not only does having a higher education improve your self-confidence, but your health as well. College graduates tend to have better health. A 2006 study published by the Carnegie Mellon University Psychology department ready that college degree holders have lower levels of cortisol, a stress hormone, compared to people with less education (Hardy). They are also less likely to be out of shape, end up living on the streets, in jail, be smokers, or rely on government programs.In 2012, only 8% of individuals with at least a bachelors degree smoked, compared to 25% of high school graduates and of those without a high school diploma (Baum, Ma, Payea). The poverty rate for an individual with a bachelors degree is about troika of the poverty rate for an individual with a high school diploma. near 70% of college grads had employer-provided health insurance, while only 50% of high school graduates had that benefit according to a 2008 report by the College Board(Hardy). whole works CitedBenefits of Getting a Higher Education . N. p.. Web. 23 Oct 2013. . Hardy, M.. N. p.. Web. 23 Oct 2013. . Graff, Gerald, Birkenstein, Cathy, Durst, Russel. They Say , I Say (with readings). New York. London. W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2006. Print Baum, Sandy, Ma, Jennifer, Payea, Kathleen. Education Pays 2013. 2013. The College Board. Wilson, Robin. A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not likely. They Say, I Say (with readings). Graff, Gerald, Birkenstein, Cathy, Durst, Russel. New York. London. W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2006. Pages 256-273.

Annotated Biblography Essay

Kristen E. Van Vonderen, M. S. , William Kinnally, Ph. D. (2012), Media make on Body Image Examining Media Exposure in the Broader Context of internecine and Other Social Factors. Volume 14, Issue 2. 41-57. American Communication Journal. analysis Vonderson and Kinnallys name discusses the influence media has on women today and the way they go for themselves. Being overweight has such(prenominal) negative stigmatism to it that women who are considered to be overweigh step as though they are unlovable or unsuccessful because they beart look like the women in magazines.They touch on the typesetters case of the influence from parents and peers. Parents who comment on their childs physical mien convey tree trunk image norms that could lead to negative association with tree trunk shape. In the article they also talk about internal influences such as self-esteem and how, in part, it is a reflection of the opinion others own of you. Analysis Vonderson and Kinnallys approach t o informing us about how women are portrayed in magazines is both informative and surprising.I, myself being a one-year-old women was more than aware of the issue with body image and the media. I personally have thought less of myself after looking through a magazine or watching a movie because of how prune and pulchritudinous those women are. But I was not aware of the many causes that influence women into cerebration so negatively. disapproval This particular article was very informative and accommodating towards my investigate paper topic because it was exactly what I am pen about.Going into this project, I thought I knew quite a sharpness of information on this topic, but now reading these articles I crystalize that there is much more to the influence media has on women than I had imagined. Gemma Lopez- Guimera, Micheal P. Levine, David Sanchez-Carracedo, Jordi Fauquet. (2010), crop of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disordered Attitudes and demeanour in Females A Review of Effects and Processes. Media Psychology, 13387 416. photographic print thick This article reviews enquiry on the effects of television andmagazines on body image and on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in females. Evidence from diametrical types of studies in the fields of eating disorders, media psychology, health psychology, and dope communication indicates that mass media are an extremely important source of information and reinforcement in relation to the nature of the thin beauty ideal, its importance, and how to attain it. Although considerable research re principal(prenominal)s to be done, evidence is accumulating that repeated exposure to media and to both leave and indirect (via medias effects on peers, parents, coaches, physicians, etc.) pressures from media to be thin constitute risk occurrenceors for body dissatisfaction, concerns over weight and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls and young women. Analysis I found this article t o be both credible and reliable mainly on the fact that its research was conducted professionally. The multiple authors of this article are credible because they are head departments of psychology, clinical and health psychology, psychobiology, and methodology of health sciences all from admirable universities all over the world. Reflection This article help shapes the arguments in my research paper.My research paper is on the topic of mass media and its influence on society and with an article that focuses just on the female aspect of it, it bequeath really help my arguments. So, J. and Nabi, R. (2013), lessening of Perceived Social Distance as an Explanation for Medias Influence on Personal Risk Perceptions A Test of the Risk Convergence Model. Human Communication Research, 39 317338. Print Summary The aim of this study was to develop the Perceived Parental Media intermediation Scale (PPMMS). in an initial test of this place, 500 undergraduate students at the University of Cali fornia, Santa Barbara, participated in an experiment.Participants were exposed to entertainment clips that either portrayed a main character who is diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease or thinks he/she might have caught an STD and gets scared of testing for it. Overall, the risk convergence model received solid support from the data, with all paths emerging as substantive except for the link between perceived realism and social distance. Reduction of social distance completely mediated the relationship between identification, conveyance and personal risk perceptions, thus suggesting social distance as a valid causal mechanism of the process involving the two variables.Analysis This article is credible because studies were conducted at multiple universities such as University of Georgia and UC Santa Barbara by experts in the Department of Communications. I found this article to be non dark based on the fact that they had conducted numerous experiments and tests on a full -grown number of students and still found that their risk perception was influenced by the media. Reflection I found this article to be very helpful with my research paper, being that it was a rather long article with more than tolerable information explaining medias influence on personal risk perception.

Discrimination towards Asians Essay

The expansion of the States was a realization within the political and financial elite that in that respect is a need for America to create markets in hostile countries for the Ameri ass goods. By the turn of the 1890s on that point was a haul of pleonastic in goods that we need to penetrate oversea markets to address beneath consumption and frugal crisis. The United States was under the premise that the countries with the largest navies and military force would ultimately inherit the earth (Zinn, 1942).Before the election of President William McKinley he tell that the American people needs overseas market for the surplus products since the American soil and occurrenceories ar producing to a greater extent than what the American people needed. This surplus should be of the advantage of the country since it will bring commercial supremacy. This supremacy guide to the expansionist view in politics and notwithstanding in the ocean forces. President Roosevelt created prop aganda for expansion in the 1890s to reachher with other political elites who sh be his expansionist stand manoeuver. Roosevelt was perhaps the crackingest expansionist of his time.He was up to penetrate Hawaii, Philippines and China. In 1898, 10% of American goods were sold in the orthogonal markets which amounted to billions of dollars. By the year 1895, the foreign investment of American Capitalists has reached billions of dollars especially in the steel industry. This save fanned the need for the American capitalists to create overseas markets and this made engaging in war an option. As in the cutting of Philippines, the conflict between the Spanish conquerors and the Philippine rebels paved way for the pr even uptative of America in the guise of generosity.In 1899, the American governing body under the presidency of William McKinley sent troops to the Philippines to aide the Filipinos in scrap their war against the Spaniards. Mckinley states four reasons on why he dec ided to colonise the Philippines. The first was he cant give the Philippines back to the Spaniards. reciprocal ohm is that he cant give the Philippines to the French. Third is that he thinks that the Philippines is mentally ill to govern for themselves and the forth is that he has no choice but to blow up the Filipinos and civilize them (Zinn, 1942).By the term civilized and unfit he was under the notion that Filipinos be savages, uneducated, and unscrupulous. This only fork ups that even the president of a elected country thinks lowly of a race that has endured three hundred years of burdensomeness and was courageous enough to ouster a government as rigid as Spain. The country was under the Spanish rule for more than 300 hundred years and the Filipinos were craving for freedom. The Filipinos under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo were gaining much fountain at that time and some historians say that the Filipino people could rent won the war without the American interve ntion.Since the Americans came on cue, just as the war was supposed to end, America took all the credit and branded themselves as heroes and liberator of the country. This scenario is uniform to what the United States did to Cuba. When the Cuban rebels sought help from the United States, they sent American troops instead of financial resources (Zinn, 1942). When the Spanish colonizers where defeated, the US did not clear the efforts of the rebels and took over Cuba. Before the US freed Cuba, they made sure that Platt amendment will be added to the constitution giving the US rights to intervene with the Cuban government.Some US bases where also retained and the Cuban market was remained opened to American exports. In the case of the Philippines, US intervention came in together with education, c diffusehing, healthc are and other basic necessities that were deprived by the Spaniards. Since the Spaniards aimed to suppress education among Filipinos and keep them leech manage to thei r regime, the Education for everyone scheme of the United States was a hit for most of the Filipinos. however the struggle continued for those who seek real independence (Grey, 2003).The expansionist point of view of Americans towards the Philippines was regarded as acts of robbery and oppression by a macabre soldier designated in the Philippines. It was a bloody war as intelligence information articles and journals of soldiers revealed that they shot Filipinos like rabbits including the women and children who were helpless (Zinn, 1942). Discrimination in the political carcass was also evident since only the Americans hold office and Filipinos where kept at the lower offices of the political structure. Similar to the faith of those non-whites, the Filipino people where discriminated even in todays society.Due to economic reasons a great percentage of Filipinos are now working abroad as interior(prenominal) workers. Blue pass with flying colors jobs such as interior(prenomina l) helpers, construction workers, waiters and etc are the most common employment for Filipinos residing in the United States (Manalansan, 2003). Because of this, stereotypes where based upon the self-reliance that Filipinos are uneducated and are capable of doing only menial jobs. In incident, in a British dictionary the meaning of the word Filipina is domestic helper. This may be attributed to the fact that 90% of Filipinos working abroad are females.However, we fail to see is that a large percentage of these Filipino workers learn a college degree and are in fact educated. Sociology dictates that since Filipinos have been subjected to three colonizers (Spanish, Americans and Japanese) they are by nature patient, enduring and industrious. Thus, doing menial jobs are sacrifices they are willing to make just to alleviate their families current economic status (Manalansan, 2003). Today, the Philippines is the cosmoss major exporter of manpower especially in health care.Filipino n urses and care givers pride themselves as pioneers in their craft and the country even hails them as the present day heroes. However, when they set foot on the foreign soil, that pride turns to discrimination. Though they are well capable and well clever in nursing, skin color often hinders them from being treated the uniform way as that of the white nurses. A quote from the TV institute Desperate Housewives uttered by Teri Hatcher says Okay, before we go any further, can I check those diplomas because I just wanna make sure that theyre not from some med school in the Philippines.This only supports the fact that Filipinos are still caught under the stereotype that they are incapable and are discriminated upon (Salanga, 2007). In comparison to the African-Americans, Filipinos experience greater amount of discrimination due to the fact that they are smaller, second is the portrayal of the Philippines as a country of terrorists, trio is that they are uneducated and forth is that mo st of them dont chatter good English. But unknown to most Americans is that there is a well-situated business of holler out centers in the Philippines which started in 2000.When we dial customer service of process and ask for help for a certain product, we might be desire advice from Filipinos that we discriminate against. The thing is we dont even notice that they are Filipinos by the way they speak. They are proficient in English and are able to address of plights properly, hence, the notion that Filipinos are dumb serves as an irony. In call centers, we ask for help from Filipinos and not the other way around. At present the Call center industry in the Philippines captures 20% of the world market share in call centers and the Philippine government aims to get 50% of share by the year 2008 (Ortigas Online, 2007).Filipinos today face what sociologists call double jeopardy. Because Filipinos are discriminated, they have difficulty of finding good jobs. It is estimated that a ma jority of Filipinos in the United States today are still memory blue collar jobs though some of them have white collar jobs. Some have even made it big time in the United States just like the lead singer of the Pussy spew Dolls who is a Filipino-American (Ezugwu, 2007). Though some have made it up in the economic ladder, Filipinos still comprise the majority in service sectors jobs in the United States. Their poverty reinforces their minority status.Thus, the so-called ladder of discrimination as what sociologists call is also reinforced. Filipinos have the difficulty of upgrading their status by economic means because of these stereotypes. Thus, white Americans always associate Filipinos with poverty, terrorism, violence and ignorance. This then hinders them from alleviating their status and making their chances at getting high paying jobs a lot slimmer as compared to the whites. However, when I check the web and type Philippines in the wait box it is amazing how it differs from what the media is projecting.As a country the Philippines has wondrous places and handsome culture. They are deeply rooted to their religion and values which make them in general warm and happy individuals (Tope, L. & Nonan-Mercado, 2007). Their history with the Spaniards taught Filipinos how to be industrious and enduring as they were colonized by Spain for 300 years. These characteristics of Filipinos show in their court to their work here in the United States. I think the fact that they are willing to occupy menial jobs that most Americans would shun is a manifestation that they are hardworking people.Perhaps it is this realization that led to further acceptance to the Filipino culture and the Filipino people. In the United States there are Filipino communities in every state (The Filipino, 2007) and a lot of Americans prefer to have Filipino wives saying that Filipinos make a loving wife and mother. The country also has a strong president as of pres time and aims to ren ew the image of the Philippines as a country change with communists. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo wasfeatured in the Times Magazine for the second time and was hailed as one of the most powerful women in Asia (Spaeth, 2001).Since she is very stern in her fight against terrorism the Philippines and the Filipinos are beginning to portray a wonderful picture in our minds. In addition to that, society has become more lenient as to the case of racism. Many citizens are now sensitive that skin color or race does not limit a persons ability to do his job properly. Filipinos, much like the other minority groups should be given the chance to grow and show their abilities. The growing popularity of snit racism and equality has made some impact on the way Filipinos are treated, however it is not yet evident in most cases.Referencehttp//www.commondreams.org/scriptfiles/views03/1117-11.htm

Deep Ecology

Whether its watching a whale Jump up in the logical argument and seeing him crashing back into the water, or looking at exclusively of the trees leafs ever-changing colors in the fall time nature is a bewitching thing. In the past, traditional Native Americans once c ard about the land. The grass, trees, rocks, and e verything else had value. Nowadays nigh people are moving away from these ideas and moving towards a capitalist mindset, only caring about their own personal gain. Deep environmental science is defined as an environmental movement and philosophy that regards human conduct as Just one of many equal components of a orbicular cosystem (Google).Arne Naess was a Norwegian philosopher who coined the term Deep Ecology. It may seem very similar to traditional Native American thought, but there are a few differences. In traditional Native American thought, they deal that everything is sacred, has value, and is alive. Deep ecologists do not feel the same way, they believe objects check out value but not all things are living. For example, if you were to pick up a rock and show it to a deep ecologist, he or she would say that the rock is not living. According to traditional Native American thought, they would say hat the rock is valuable, living and is sacred (Professor Bill Weiss).Arne Naess and George Sessions cr exhausted the eightsome rules of deep ecology. They are the eight principles that all deep ecologists follow. The fifth principle states, present human interference with the nonhuman world is excessive, and the situation is cursorily worsening (The Anarchist Library). For example, 137 species of animals are becoming extinct each day, which adds up to 50,005 species disappearing every year, because of deforestation (Oocities). If we dont start doing something about this issue he worlds animal population will become extinct, and thats only from deforestation.That doesnt include all the garbage and chemicals that we are dumping on the eart h. Those also behave an pitch on animals all across the world. And soon this will start to substance the human population. People will start to become sick and they wont have anything to eat because animals across the world were killed off or become extinct, and the vegetables you deficiency to eat wont be edible because the chemicals that were dumped on the earth reached the plants you want to eat and ontaminated them. This could potentially lead to the human population becoming extinct.Im not reflexion this is going to actually happen or be an immediate proceeds of our actions but this is what the world is coming to. The companies are the indirect problem in this issue. Its the populations demand that keeps these companies going which makes us the direct source to the problem. Almost everyone is caught up in the capitalist mentality, only caring about themselves and seeing how a lot money they can make. And when that happens they go out and buy more products which ave negat ively affected the environment.

Pros and Cons of Lenski’s Socio-Cultural Developement Essay

Lenskis take aims of socio-cultural explain the changes in cultural ideas which are caused by new technology. There are four levels of development hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry.The for the first time level of development is hunting and gathering. Hunting and gathering is the use of elementary tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation. almost benefits of this stage could be that they all did essentially the uniform thing, therefore, to a greater extent equality in their society. They likewise lived in wasted groups instead of large communities, so they were more than socially intertwined. Some of the negatives where having to stir up a lot to follow migrating animals and finding food when their supply ran out. some other is that they were extremely vulnerable to natural disasters. With all members doing these tasks, there wasnt often time for other things.The second level is horticulture and pastoralism. Horticulture is th e use of hand tools to rhytidectomy crops, and, pastoralism is the domestication of animals. The positives of this stage include being able to feed more which led to larger settlements. withal they were able to stay in the same place if they did both of these things. Some of the drawbacks were that rulers started coming into play. Also, they had to find good defacement to plant crops. If their society depended basically on pastoralism they tended to be nomadic.The third level is agriculture. Agriculture involved large-scale cultivation apply plows harnessed to animals or more springful energy sources. Some of the positives of this stage include less(prenominal) human labor and large food surpluses. This also led to more work choices and time for some to study and cultivate a gauzy way of life. Some of the negatives included a more im in the flesh(predicate) and individual social life. This caused more social inequality and caused there to be a few elite and many serfs. Men al so started gaining more power over women.The fourth level is industry. Industry involved the production of goods using sophisticated sources of energy to drive large machinery. There were many benefits and negatives to this stage. Some of the benefits include a lot less human labor which in turn boosted productivity. There also became much more transportation, communication, and schooling. This started more personal freedom, political rights, and less inequality. The living standards also increased in this stage, which spurred advanced medical care. Some of the drawbacks were the large factories where people were supervised by strangers. Also many cultural values surrounding family-centered life were pushed aside, which weakened the community. We also started to abuse the natural environment and created more weapons.These stages led to major changes in the way of human life. There were many benefits and drawbacks to each stage. We can necessitate many things by seeing the way t hings have changed and by analyze our history.

Ederly Parents Should Live in Nursing Homes or Not? Essay

Vietnams population is older and older and it is important for preteen people, especially politicans, to soberly look at roughly the issue of breast feeding homes. Should remote parents live in nurse homes or not? Sending venerable parent into breast feeding homes is the best choice for them in the rest of their lives for three main reasons. First, elderly parents live in care for homes will be good for their children. Nowadays, young people are too busy. They have o go to get going and have no time to take care of their parents. They leave their parents at home lonely for whole day and feel nervous about their parents. Consequently, they can not concerntrate on their work and nurse homes are a good choice for them to send their parents into. Second, when elderly line in nursing homes, they can make friends with the people at the same age. They will cancel very happy because they can chat whole day with their friends, do some helpful excercises such as jogging, tai chi, in stead of world lonely at home when their children go to work.Third, the most important reason, is that nursing homes can provide elderly parents with modern health care facilities. In nursing homes, professional doctors, nurses and high quality equipments are always functional to take care of elderly parents. Doctors here too give them a suitable diet which is good for their health. Opponents of sending elderly parents into nursing homes formulate that elderly parents will fell lonely when they live far from their children and it is also against Vietnamese moral value. However, as stated previously, nursing homes are the discover which provide old people with the best health care. Moreover, their children can sleep together and visit them whenever they want. In conclusion, there are undoubtly many benefits to send elderly parents into nursing homes. Most of old people who live in nursing homes show that they live better and happier with their friend here. Sending elderly paren ts into nursing homes becomes an important issue for both young people and elderly parents themselves to think about.

Outdoor Sporting Products Inc. Essay

Executive Summary open-air(prenominal) neat crops Inc. has a issue forth of issues regarding its product management, trade channels, merchandising campaigns, determine, gross gross gross gross sales force, engineering, and its guest wait on lately. mesh ar down and sales possess declined over the last year. Mr. Hudson McDonald is the owner and Chief Financial Officer of the alfresco Products and guesss the enquire for interpolate.Mr. McDonald is in gibe of the sales force and believes that sales ar a weakness for the party. Mr. McDonald is singular to know how he derriere development sales and profits for the compevery without completely changing the organization. in that respect ar many changes that depose pop off to improve the position of the ac community.Rectifying many of the departments weaknesses are key panaches to pressurizeer turn things around for Mr. McDonald and outdoor(a) sportsmanlike Products Inc. Some changes are kid and other s lead take to a greater extent time to incorporate. The dividing line has a with child(p) sales base al furbish up hardly bespeak to explore sassy markets and convalesce tracks to penetrate those markets. outdoor(prenominal) leave al one need to switch over resources around in exertion and marketing to assimilate things possible. Fin on the wholey client wait on and applied science depart facilitate improve the standing among the nodes that are already loyal and help with advantagefully satisfying guest inescapably.I. Product ManagementMr. Hudson McDonald universe the President and chief operating officer of outside Sporting Products Inc. has a few issues that may need to be communicate when divvy uping with Product Management. objet dart a product manager should trustworthyly be in charge of this area. Mr. McDonald would undoubtedly be informed of both(prenominal) of these issues and decisions involved. Product management should neer lose sight of 4 trenchant areas the target market, the intricacies of the product, what the subscriber line needs in order to succeed, and how to measure that success (van der Merwe). Mr. McDonald claimed that with a few exceptions, Outdoors customers had little or no brand preference. This is a terrible assumption to make when dealing with somewhatbodys products. Mr. McDonald and the product manager should be looking into ways that dope make the brand and products have frequently loyal customers. Apparently customers forefathert view the products as setting themselves apart from the others to start only(prenominal) buying from Outdoor Sporting Products Inc.This would likewise deal with marketing. However, the products themselves need to genuinely be a woodland product that the customers impart appreciate and exigency to re-buy. The manufacturing of products looked like an area that could utilise a little work. While thither is no numbers in the grapheme indicating the lives of manufacturing the percentages of where the products are advent from could be fixed a bit. 50% of the companys mint came from imported products. This is an area where Outdoor could perhaps increase its ego-manufactured products to perhaps increase revenues or gain much(prenominal) than control over the process. Increasing self-manufactured products could spurious growth in manufacturing factories. thither could be future growth inside the company if things start to turn around a bit. This could result in berth be an issue.These areas of issues spate be easily fixed very and tail assembly even help each(prenominal) other. A higher calibre product pull up stakes to the highest degree likely be self-manufactured rather than imported. This fanny increase brand and customer loyalty. This in like manner increases revenues in the end. Importing 50% of the volume and only have 35% self made throw out be a bit different. The company should perhaps 50% self made and 35 % imported. This could help Outdoor control the process of manufacturing which increases the quality of the product.Even if this did end up wooing a bit more(prenominal), starting signal secure a preference from the customers could be a significant boost to the company. Growing the production process allow be necessary at some point if the company starts getting issues figured out. Looking at the future, on that point will most likely need to be more space to manufacture Outdoor products. There will most likely be a need to build and increase production. Buying space will be a real idea that will need to be join onressed. perchance doing so in the Midwest area in order to extend the reach of the company and increase the presence in an area that has a king- surfaced amount of hunters and fishers.II. Marketing ChannelsThere are a few very real problems with Outdoor Sportings marketing channels. The route that the product takes on its way from production to the consumer is impo rtant because a marketer must decide which route or channel is better for his particular product (Blunt). The first issue is that they have very little presence in large metropolitan areas. The debate behind it was poor customer reportage. While poor customer coverage could be a real issue within the large metropolitan areas that doesnt mean that the market is impenetrable. There are some real customers that are perhaps being overlooked by Outdoor by not attempting as hard in this market. Outdoors percentage of the market is only 2% to 3%. This is an area that has a decided need for improvement. There are customers out there that simply arent having the chance to purchase Outdoors products.Discount Stores are also being untouched. Mr. McDonald claims that there has been a growth over the last 10 years in drop submits yet Outdoor Sporting Products has not developed a presence in these stores. It has been blamed on the pricing policy and the amount of pressure that customer s send on the salespeople. While these issues also need to be addressed it is liquid a poor melody strategy to not follow the trend of the market. The market shifting to more discount store oriented means that Outdoor needs to find a way to compose its products in these stores.People wont even see your product in a discount store resulting in less brand awareness. One final issue in marketing channels is how distri only whenion is set up. every item is shipped from the manufacturing plant and warehouse in Albany, New York. This could limit the organization in distributing their product. Every sale and every product has to be routed through the same place. While it might not be an issue at this time it could blend one if the company grows. Outdoor products will need to stay beforehand of its growth from a manufacturing standpoint.There are some very practical(prenominal) solutions to these problems. When it comes to dealing in large metropolitan areas. I would advise move to start having a presence there. This can be make by willing time for your salespeople to develop a presence there. Perhaps hit large retail chains within large metropolitan areas. It can be beneficial in that it helps with brand awareness and also opens up to a market that is not being use. Another solution is to start get to a presence at discount stores. If these stores are where the market is moving, therefore the company needs to shift with the market as well. Standing even will result in lost profits. gross salespeople will need more time for these areas. Decreasing sales in stores of small to medium size from the already 6,000 could free up time. Reducing the amount to 4,000 stores and then place yourself in 500 major retail locations could be beneficial. Then add another 500-1000 discount related locations and develop these areas. After time re-evaluate and see how things are going and what will need to be done. Also, pricing options will need to be addressed as well but will be explained a bit more in the pricing section. diffusion could be addressed with another warehouse. Another dispersion warehouse could also perhaps help in customer ecstasy by change magnitude shipping times and perhaps putting less stress on the existing shipping and manufacturing employees. It could payoff in the future but will need to be done at the duty time. It is of all time nice to think about the future but perhaps increasing right away may not need to be done until business starts to pick up a bit as well.III. Marketing CampaignsOutdoor Sporting Products Inc. and Mr. McDonald are making a very huge demerit in marketing. The organization is not utilizing marketing to full way that it should be. Outdoor did not use magazine, newspaper, or radio advertising to reach both the retail trade or the consumer. This puts a strain on the sales force to be the marketers. While it might save some gold Outdoor is not attracting customers by having the salespeople be the major component in marketing. Magazine, newspaper, and radio advertisings do not reach near the audience as some other mediums but they are much shabbyer and can still play a major role. Newspaper ads and magazine ads especially can be a difference maker in search and fishing.There are numerous hunting magazines and they play a major role in outdoor product purchases. Hunters and fishers will likely be more likely to buy gear that is supported in their favorite hunting magazine than something that is not in the magazine. The merchandising catalogue that Outdoor Sporting Products puts out every year can be usable straight off but also needs to be evaluated. customers today tend to much of their purchases outside of catalogues. Catalogues are not what they used to be, especially with the cyberspace being around. While it might be useful to some customers, there needs to be an evaluation of what that catalogue is costing to what it is bringing in.Improving marketing should be a must. Marketing programs, though widely varied, are all aimed at convincing people to try out or retain using particular products or functions (Marketing 101). Start advertising in fish and game magazines to improve the marketing of the products. By concentrating your efforts on one or a few key market segments, youll reap the most from small investments (Marketing 101). Targeting fish and game magazines are a perfect strategy. It will definitely not hurt the company and should be relatively cheap compared to other means of marketing. Newspaper ads and radio ads can be substitute to the magazine ads but should still be utilized.This is a rock-steady way for people to have brand recognition. Even the name being utter in the background of someones radio can make all the difference in reputation. Marketing cannot be pushed to the back. Get marketing out of the salespeoples hands. The product catalogue can be useful for re-buys it says but is not a good marketing tool if it is only successful in re-buys. The catalogue can still be produced but only make it available to the customers who actually use them, or at least want to use them. Theres no use in sending out 10,000 magazines for example if only 1,000 customers use them. Utilizing the internet can be very useful in this area to evanesce wasted magazine catalogues. Product catalogues are an outdated way of doing business and should eventually be scrapped all together as a way of doing business at Outdoor Sporting Products Inc.IV. PricingThe pricing of the products is having a direct negative result on Outdoors sale of products. deciding on the price is awkward because, in addition to the physical factors of cost and profit, price is subject to psychological factors, some of which are out of your companys control (Kalb). Outdoor Sporting Product Inc. gets its products from self manufacturing, importing, and municipal companies. Outdoor naturally has a markup of their products in order to make a profit and also pay for the products and employees. The problem though is the amount of markup that is being used on the products being sold. The markup is too high, especially for the trends of the market.Mr. McDonald reported that there was a markup of 50% to 100% on Outdoors cost for the item. The average markup crossways all products averages out to 70%. This markup has worked for Outdoor products but will need to be adjusted. Mr. McDonald himself has claimed that the customers are shifting more towards a discount store customer. Maintaining a 70% markup average could make things difficult when trying to spread into discount stores. The markup might be a result of a few different issues including shipping, manufacturing, and distribution issues as well. It is not put at 70% strictly because of profits. There has to be better ways to be able to lower the markup pricing though.Outdoor Sporting Products Inc. needs to find ways to develop business into discount stores. Having a 70% markup simply wont be very sensible. Outdoor will need to lower markup at these stores in order to develop a relationship with these customers. Outdoor needs to find a way to go bad profitable with around a 50% to 60% markup average across all products. This would lower prices which were a problem with developing markets in discount stores. When you are pricing your products, what gives you control over the price is the uniqueness strengthened into your positioning, or branding, strategy (Kalb). Also, the development of another warehouse or manufacturing have-to doe with in another location would lower shipping costs in general also. These could help lower the prices of Outdoor products. Each area can help another part of the company by fixing the issues.V. sales and Sales Force ManagementThe sales force is one of the biggest problems within Outdoor Sporting Products Inc. The case appears to be a straight pay structure, but analysis of the information in the case quickly leads to the consequence that a number of other issues are also involved, including training salespeople, evaluating sales performance, determining sales potential and territories, and the relationship between the sales wait on and overall marketing strategy. The salesmen with a guaranteed salary have a importantly higher than average earnings to sales ratio.The incentive plans currently in existence have several weaknesses. Some of the plans require that the salesman be in the territory the previous year to be eligible for payment of a bonus. This provides zero incentive for a first-year person and makes it possible to so the next year can provide a large bonus. The requital is not working currently and needs to be addressed.Compensation could be changed by having a lower guaranteed salary. Eliminating some of the sales incentives such as the yearly improvement incentive could be productive. Start giving the salespeople a chance to really excel at selling products and help with money in the area of commission.The first four parts of the selling chemical formula are routinely found in the catalog carried by the salespeople. It is suspect that knowing these four pieces of information on all 700 items is worthwhile. Perhaps more knowledge of customer needs and benefits that the customer could derive from the products sold by the company would result in increased pride in the vocation and sales. It can be seen that the entire sales group needs supererogatory training, and plans should be made to provide for training on an ongoing basis. Perhaps Mr. McDonald could use his best salesperson in the role of sales training. It is homely that he is doing a much better sales job than any of his colleagues.The improved training for salespeople can only lead to more a efficient and motivated sales force. With the results of recent sales, it would be a good idea to take a close look at the dress of having the salespeople plan their own itineraries and the time to be spent on each sale. Although having each salesperson handle some parts of the job is commonly usually a good idea, the results show that the salespeople may need some help in this area. The reporting system used now can provide a helpful data base to make these salespeople more effective in this area.Mr. McDonald leading the sales aggroup could be a potential problem from some salespeoples perspective. Mr. McDonald can lead the sales team but will need to perhaps make a few changes to his approach. His sales formula can still be utilized if he wants it to be but the amount of time and effort put in with Monday sales calls and casual reports could be counterproductive. There will need to be a better way of checking in with salespeople and dealing with daily reports. Perhaps have another sales team director who can deal with day to day operations while Mr. McDonald can deal with marketing and sales strategy.VI. Implementation of technologyTechnology is underutilized within Ou tdoor Sporting Inc. There is no real mention of internet sales or how technology is utilized to make the organization successful. This leads to believe that technology is not an area of focus by this organization. The technology used by consumers today is indicative of how a company like Outdoor should be doing business. Using internet sales might affect sales of the sales force but can be seen as an upgrade in customer service in dealing with customer wants and needs. The Internet allows dialogue in two ways static communication through net pages, and dynamic communication through information being exchanged (Golden).The company seems to deal with sales today strictly through catalogues and salespeople. Customer satisfaction would seem to increase if they could use the internet to help deal with their needs. Technology alone can improve the shipping process as well. Salespeople career and handing in reports of sales could take time that could be used in manufacturing or ship ping products. Even eliminating a day off of affect sales can make all the difference in the creation to a store. Just looking to the future alone should indicate that technology will need to be utilized more than it is now.With technology progress and new generations of customers who utilize technology, it would be wise to start using technology as a company as well. Develop an online catalogue or ways to process sales online. Online sales today are a major market and Outdoor is missing out on these customers by focusing on how to deal with salespeople. Even having salespeople utilize the online site with their customers could be beneficial to both sides.It could speed up processing and perhaps allow more time for salespeople to travel to other customers. There will always be technology that can speed up manufacturing and processing and it should never be overlooked. In this instance though, the shortcomings in utilizing the internet and network systems seems to be a mistake. Ne tworking systems allows users to communicate through traditional voice and video in a secure system (Golden). Technology could really help streamline the buying process for customers.VII. Customer serving and SupportCustomer Service and Support should be staples of the organization especially within the sales force. Sales are regarded as some of the tougher jobs in dealing with people. Having great customer service skills can make the difference between making sales and looking for a different job. The lack of training and uniformity in this area for the salespeople is a cause for concern. There are potential sales that could be missed but the company doesnt know how the salespeople are dealing with customers. The case doesnt mention a customer service department but there is most likely some customer support somewhere in the organization. If Outdoor Sporting Products Inc. starts to grow, customer service will be depended upon to maintain happy and loyal customers along the way . schooling of the sales staff will be vital for increasing customer service and support among the salespeople. Sales depend on customer service and support. Commission based salaries depend on employees being good with people. The best salesperson is doing something right at Outdoor and needs to be utilized in order to train other employees. Perhaps his customer skills are something that should be used by everyone. Customer service is that personal encounter, whether it be via email, telephone or in person. How you conduct that personal experience determines whether you create a customer that has loyalty towards your place of business (Lake).There will need to be a customer service department for complaints from customers. The distribution channels will often times complain to the sales team but customers of the products will most likely want to deal with people in the company. This is where a customer service department needs to be key. Saving customers can help save and maintain loyal customers. This is where there will be employees that need to dealing with customers needs and relaying the ideas to other departments. Customer service is about improving the company by satisfying a customers wants and needs.VIII. ConclusionOutdoor Sporting Products Inc. have done a great job at setting up a great company with a potential to be profitable. While the case wants to deal a lot with compensation of the sales force, there are many areas that need to be improved. Mr. Hudson needs to realize that it is time for the company to develop along with the market and take the company to the next stage. Outdoor has become a bit stagnant and will have to change each of the areas listed above to an extent to return to profitability. There will undoubtedly be growth. Outdoor Sporting Products Inc. has a great company that is ready to take the next step to become a major card-playing product company. Mr. Hudson just needs to help develop the company to help it reach its potenti al.ReferencesBlunt, L. (n.d.). Types of Marketing Channels. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/types-marketing-channels-21627.htmlGolden, R. (n.d.). How Todays Technology Is utilise in Business to Communicate. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/todays-technology-used-business-communicate-27351.htmlKalb, I. (2013, October 2). Three Ways Companies Decide The expenditure Of A Product. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http//www.businessinsider.com/3-powerful-pricing-strategies-businesses-should-always-consider-2013-10Lake, L. (n.d.). What Role Does Customer Service Play in Marketing? Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http//marketing.about.com/od/relationshipmarketing/qt/What-Role-Does-Customer-Service-Play-In-Marketing.htmMarketing 101. (n.d.). Retrieved December 12, 2014, from https//www.sba.gov/content/marketing-101-basicsReferences moveVan der Merwe, R. (2014, September 17). Why Companies Need Full-Time Product Managers s hattering Magazine. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http//www.smashingmagazine.com/2014/09/17/why-companies-need-full-time-product-managers/

Mr Birling and Sheila Essay

The play is about a middle to upper house family, the circumvolves, who lived in a town c either in alled Brumley. Its is based on a girl, Eva, who had set up suicide by drinking disinfectant. An inspector who goes by the name of Inspector Goole had come to the birlings house to investigate why Eva had committed suicide. It turns out that no(prenominal) of the members of the Birling family had committed a real crime but they had all driven her to suicide in some way. The moral of the play is to guess their consciences and there by our consciences to make us work together as members of one body. Two characters represent the historical context are Mr Birling and Sheila. At the end of the play they show opposite poles of society. Mr Birling represents the previous(a) generation that has held on to values of years and years back. Mr Birling is an ex-mayor, fuck off of the family, a factory owner and hes earned a knight hood. Sheila is Mr Birlings daughter. She is also pompous. Sheila represents the innocent one in society and the future and present generation.At the beginning of the play the Birlings all appear like Mr Birling in there believes that they should all be individuals and non care about the rest of the community. This was because they were an upper class family. Mr Birling and Sheila portray the political theme of community and the individual. hieratic believes that we need to be responsible so that we can look after each other, we ordain not survive as individuals if we dont work together. Priestly voices his opinions through the character of the Inspector. But just remember this. One Eva smith has gone but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left(p) with us. This represents the moral of the play. Mr Birling and Sheila abuse the federal agency, this causing Evas death. Mr Birling has power over Eva and when he thinks that Eva does not respect him and asks for a raise he uses his power to s ack Eva. Sheila also uses her power to get Eva dismissed from Millwards. Because she is wealthy and spends a lot of money at the shop the managers respect her.If she is not happy there she wont shop there and the confederation shall lose a lot of money. So because of Eva not making Sheila heart welcome at Millwards Sheila is unhappy. She then tells the manager that she shall no longer be shopping there unless Eva is dismissed. With that Eva gets dismissed because the company cant tolerate to lose the Birlings. Mr Birling represents the older generation, showing us that society at the time was divided into different social classes, the upper, the middle, and the lower class.The upper class had no respect for the lower class and this shows during the play. When speaking about Eva hard to negotiate a higher wage for herself, Mr Birling says, Im talking as a hard headed practical man of business. This is indicate that Mr Birling has no respect and feelings for the lower class, as he doesnt care whether Eva has a larger income or not. Mr Birling is only touch about keeping the wage bill as small as possible. That quote also shows the pompous side of him.

“Maid in Manhattan” Film Analysis Essay

Think its safe to opine that e preciseone going to see J.Los modish release, Maid in Manhattan, pretty lots dos what to expect Single, working-class mom from the Bronx take hits blend up in Cinderella circumstances with delightful (even prince-like) politician. Dressed up in individual elses wardrobe, at first he takes her for a princess, just loves her anyway when the metre comes to rescue her from her drudgery. As fluffy and conventional as it is, fewtimes this is all we ladies fatea romantic little fairy-tale to trade with our girlfriends or the husband who owes us for seance through the latest Steven Segal debacle. Unfortunately, as a great deal as I wanted to lie with this movie under said criteria, the all overbolds report line was just too mid-fifties for me to take seriously. Dont get me wrong, I firmly believe that a right-hand(a) Cinderella story, ala Working Girl and handsome Woman ( two of which this film is being comp bed to), end always be updated for a new audience.But the operative word here is update, something screenwriter Kevin Wade doesnt fret with at all. Jennifer Lopez plays Marisa Ventura, a maid in a ritzy New York hotel who dreams of management, merely fears her ethnic canground will handgrip her from ever realizing her am stingions. Ralph Fiennes is the Republican Senatorial campaigner who must overcome the prejudices of his campaign handler (Stanley Tucci) to win his blue-collar dream girl. Honestly, this credit on ethnicity as both a professional and personal obstacle for Marisa comes off not only as lazy, but also inappropriate for todays political and romantic world. It seems to me that if a char as smart as Marisa were passed over only if because of her race or housekeep status, she would certainly know who to contact in the HR department to file a complaint. Similarly, if Fienness campaign manager really cant see what a political boon it would be for a Republican to fall for a struggling, angiote nsin-converting enzyme mom, then he needs to be fired and immediately sent back to whatever publicity playpen he toddled out of.Anyone with even the least bit of political savvy would for surely know how to spin such a office into a PR goldmine. These may not be issues that would trouble e actuallyone, but for me, this silly, overage plot translated to an hour and a half of almost straight boredom (pretty apparel and Harry Winston jewels not withstanding). Also, while both Lopez and Fiennes turn in adequate performances, very few sparks build between them, so, of course, the de rigueur sex scene is thrown in to convince us they really are falling in love. It goes without saying this is not the kind of lie our teenagers once over again need reinforced to them.So moms, if you do take a Christmas shopping pass on with your daughters to see this one, I would make sure to point out how drastically this economic version of love differs from our Christian one. For a far more e ntertaining good afternoon out, you might consider Sweet stand Alabama. It too has some chaste problems with its endorsement of homosexuality, but the main characters kindred relies on a much deeper foundation, and Reese Witherspoon experiences some growing pains that could provide good lessons for young women. Overall, Maid in Manhattan is simply your average, run of the mill romantic comedy, with very little to make it more than a renter on a wispy Saturday night.

Coping with Anxiety

Kathrina is a 20-something professional with quandarys that resolve her from being productive in her career. It alike gives her inconsistent sleeping habits, which results from an uneasy view from the mis full-gr have got that she feels. Furthermore, she feels that her way of coping with such(prenominal) is non improving at all. such(prenominal) predicaments hamper her career as a real estate agent, which she finds a defective deterrent in producing sales. Kathrinas biggest dilemma is that her parents expect a lot from her.She doesnt want to leave home nonetheless she already feels uneasy about her military position at home. With this in mind, she resorts to me, a carriageal psychiatrist. Kathrina opts to undergo a series of sessions that give give her the opportunity to deal with anxiety and emphasis. 1) As a behavioral healer how would you ascend in therapy in the shell of Kathrina? First, I would like the patient to nominate her milieu while she was growing up. T his would serving me ascertain what is it like to live in her surroundings during her childhood.It pull up stakes allow me to model how she generates feedbacks and how she be bring ins in this type of surroundings. As a behavioral therapist, I have to progress her understand that her environment is responsible for her bare behavior. The environment she thrives in sort outs her to be behaving in such way. The environment includes all the batch around her and the behavior of this people. She has to understand that her behavior does not deliberately stems from her. In behavioral psychology, it is suggested that behaviors are attained through the environments learn (Wagner, 2008).As the somebody interacts with her environment more, the more she is condition to act therefore to her environments standards. As the individual accommodates this condition into her system, the more she is influenced by her environments conditioning. As I proceed with the subjects current situation, I learn that she sincerely accommodates and tolerates the behavioral standards of her situation. She does not have a hand in her apparent behavior at all. The stress from her work is not responsible as well.The environment which is her home is the primary input that affects her behavior, and causes her numerous dilemmas. In a disunite of behaviorism, classic conditioning is used to condition a subject to respond to a certain input. Classic conditioning is a type of conditioning in behaviorism, which conditions a subject by instigating a stimulus in order to generate a favor adapted response (Van Wagner, 2008). In Kathrinas event, her parents conditioned her in the most legal manner. This leads us to the speculation that Kathrina might not have current classical conditioning at all.Another type of conditioning, operative conditioning can be suggested as the accomplishable culprit for the apparent behavior of Kathrina. Operant conditioning takes place whenever the subject is conditioned through punishment and reward reinforcements. In Kathrinas case, she might have received more reward reinforcements than punishment reinforcements. barely this brings to us the notion that she might have been conditioned by reward reinforcements tied(p) if her parents are wrong in giving her reward reinforcements.With this in mind, Kathrinas case will remain unsolved, and I will suggest further therapy sessions for her to be able to cope up with stress and inveterate anxiety. 2) How does behavioral therapy fit, or not fit, with your own personal style? The behavioral onslaught to therapy is not proper at all. It is rattling intrinsic and not objective at all. It is one-dimensional because it simply analyzes the environ intellectual factors that stomach to the individuals behavior. Both operant and classical conditioning are subjective in approach, and analyzes a subjects behavior in a twist manner.In Kathrinas case, her behavior is not really caused by her environ ment alone. She has also a hand in contributing to her mental tortures. With this in mind, she must shrug her dilemmas aside. apt therapy can also aid her in this situation she faces. References Van Wagner,K. (2008). Behaviorism. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http//psychology. about. com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism. htm Watson,J. Behaviorism Explained. General Psychology. produce Diestro Ltd. 2000.

Modernisation and emotional maturity

In modern high ordination, read un favorable finish deliver the goods the most(prenominal) untroubled and the most tackive apparatus for accelerating result and maturation in all spheres of gentle earth austerity. Now we live in the technological era. The applied science of 21st Century has revolutionized and heighten our commission of feeling. The public expects technology to pose a similar revolutionary effect on education.Energy technologies and resulting globalization overly provide unlimited possibilities for exciting new discoveries and posements much(prenominal) as new forms of energy, medical advances yield of environ rationally ravaged aras, communication and geographic expedition into home and into the depth of the oceans. From the root word of life till now life has been changing. qualifying is the law of nature, and changes in Society atomic number 18 always taking place. At propagation these changes atomic number 18 slow. any(prenominal) eon they argon so slow that people do not tear down perceive them.However, there atomic number 18 times when they ar also speedy and drastic. All spheres of living things be changing. The devise modernisation is derived from Latin word mood kernel modern. modernisation refers to a object lesson of a progressive transition from a pre-modern or handed-down to a modern society. Modernization as a form of pagan response attri providedes which atomic number 18 basically universalistic and evolutionary. Modernization is in the main(prenominal) regarded as a mould of change-change of traditional Society into a Society ground on Science and technology.Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a pre-modern or traditional to a modern society. Modernization can scoop be defined as the process of transforming the old traditional society and nations to the modernity in the fields of sociable, economic, industrial, technological, political, cultural and educa tional advancement. Heraclites as beautifully hardened down that it is impossible for a man to step into the same river twice. It is so beca white plague in the interval of time between the start-off and the second stepping two the river and the man contribute changed their positions.In the words of Moore, modernisation as a revolutionary change leading to translation of a traditional society into an advanced, economically prosperous and relatively politically fixed society. Toward consider modernisation as the transformations in attitudes, institutions, and ideologies that ar associated with processes much(prenominal) as arbitrement and industrialization. there is zippo more permanent than change. Modernization is not westernizes purely. The modernized society believes in co- existence, co-operation and compromise rather than in competition and conflict.Modernization can be achieved just by improving and extending education. Again education, some(prenominal) the formal and informal is a bureau of communication. The transmission of meaning has grand functions homogeneous colonization, surveillance, consensus building, raising expectations, focusing attention, broadening psychic horizons, creating new attitudes, and values arousing interest in innovation, teaching kills, and encouraging experimentation. Each of these functions has relevancy for programmer of modernization. Hence, the formal education if imaginatively and purposefully employed can be a powerful instrument of Modernization.The education today is linked with development. Education is the main agency for the development of attitudes, interests and values and the teacher is its main agent. The class consists of protestent types of scholars and they differ in their interest, Q, attitude, achievement etc. Some students change with the changing time, some dont. There are certain causes behind this affcap equal of difference in attitude. Emotions are most-valuable in our lives . Our feelings drive the potential to arrange us as a indulgent and sophisticated interval guidance system.In the chip in circumstances, youth as well as peasantren are facing difficulties in life. These difficulties are giving rise to many neurotic problems such as trouble, tensions, frustrations and steamy upsets in day to day life. So, the remove of steamy life is now emerging as a descriptive experience. It deals with interplay of forces with intensities and quantities. stirred up due date date is not only the effective deciding(prenominal) of spirit pattern, but it also helps o control the growth of adolescents development.The concept Mature horny behavior of any level is that which reflects the fruits of formula steamy development. A person who is able to detect his emotions under control, which is able to hoo-ha delay and to suffer without self-importance-pity, might mollify be emotionally stunned and childish. correspond to Walter et al. (1976), emot ional maturity is a process in which the character is continuously variant for greater sense of emotional health, both intra-psychically and intra personality. aflame st office is genius of the seventh consequential indicators of mental health.It simply room macrocosm grown up so that 1 may be able to personally manage his/her desires and feelings and may be better able to cope up the adverse life situations in a most befitting and socially pass manner. The most outstanding mark of emotional maturity is ability to bear tension. action is becoming fast with the advancement of science and technology. Though man has conquered time and space to a great extent by the present level of scientific advancement, in time there is great threat to his existence.The Indian society is becoming increasingly materialistic. Emotional pressure is increasing day by day specially at high supplemental shoal stage. Unrest, anxiety and frustrations are occurring in all the spheres of life. Parents fall in no time to spend and guide their children. Students are frequently troubled with their daily problems because they do not have the capacity and preparedness to solve problems. Our educational system also provides no direction to the children. Citizens of tomorrow are children attending todays trails.Those children in their capacity of being the afterlife administrators, engineers, doctors and furthest but not least the citizens of the rural area must be brought p in a way worthy of the obligations which they owe to their community and their demesne at large. They should normally possess the best physical and mental health for perform their duties. scarcely unless something is through to help the child, he will push to suffer from anxiety delinquent to to a great extent work load. referable to high anxiety, child develops certain personality traits which inhibit his strait-laced physical, emotional and social development.All these factors add to emotion al tensions of the child and eviscerate him an unbalanced personality. In later years, such a child because of his under plopped personality becomes a burden for the society in one form or the new(prenominal). In this modern world of science and technology, nothing but change is eternal. This generation of ours, lives at the mercy of science and technology. It is believed that science establish technology is the column bunkum of our life. Moreover, there is a lot of competition in both walk of life. Here Darnings law of excerption of the fittest is truly valid.Only those who succeed can survive. This fast change in mans life due to advancement in scientific technology has made mans life easy and soft but t the same time has created many colonialities too. Apparently, man appears to be able but internally, he is full of conflicts. Parents and educational institutions pressurize the children to excel in academics and other areas of performance. There are several things one may feel like doing because of his emotions but emotional maturity will keep him doing the right thing and may even help him to remain calm in the most difficult situations.Emotional maturity is the ability to differentiate and victorianly identify ones emotions firearm granting himself the freedom to experience whatever emotion is appropriate to a given situation. Adolescence is the most crucial and significant check of an individuals life. It is a time period of rapid revolutionary changes in the individuals physical, mental, moral, spiritual, sexual and social outlook. It is a period to learn new things, and it is a period of anxieties, worries, conflicts, complexities, and ambitions. Adolescence is the period of heightened emotionality.It is the most demanding period in ones life- a period of storm and nidus because accurate portrayal of self to others, which is an identifying banner of healthy personality, is in the process of makeup during this period. The present conduct is on modernization and emotional maturity of higher auxiliary students. The pick up attempts to analyze the various aspects of modernization and emotional maturity among higher secondary students. The end of the twentieth century and beginning of the twenty first century have seen an unprecedented upsurge in activities revolving or so the teenage adolescence students.It is the dire need of the hr that as teenage adolescence students we should have proper emotional development to rightly use our human emotions. So our minds have something rattling to do with our emotions and we should have a self concept to control our emotions with the mind But our emotions need to be understood, taught, trained and controlled by the mind Emotional maturity moves beyond intelligence to a higher offer of consciousness, guided by what one senses, feels and intuits, and ones heart. Modernization and Emotional maturity is a joyride for promoting students mental health and personality.The circ umstantial inevitably for identifying these phenomena of Emotional adulthood and modernization are natural and inevitable return of student growth and development rather than among pathological symptom. The Emotional maturity becomes important in the behavior of individuals. As the dents are the pillars of the future generations their value pattern and emotional maturity are vital. So the present study intends to measure the emotional maturity and modernization level of the Higher Secondary school students. Citizens of tomorrow are children attending todays schools.Those children in their capacity of being the future administrators, engineers, doctors and last but not least the citizens of the country must be brought up in a way worthy of the obligations which they owe to their community and their country at large. They should normally possess the best physical and mental health for performing their duties. But unless something is done to help the child, he will continue to suff er from anxiety due to heavy work load. Due to high anxiety, child develops certain personality traits which inhibit his proper physical, emotional and social development.All these factors add to emotional tensions of the child and make him an unbalanced personality. In later years, such a child because of his under developed personality becomes a burden for the society in one form or the other. The Emotional maturity becomes important in the behavior of individuals and the development of education is depending to the level of modernization. As the students are the pillars of the future generations their modernization and Emotional maturity are vital ones.So the present study intends to measure the Modernization tenets and Emotional Maturity of Higher Secondary school students. The study will help and guide teachers and parents in taking necessary steps to develop psychological attitude of the pupils in proper lines. Schools are an important place where children have contacts with t heir peers, form friendship, and participate in social groups and with other children. As children grow from early childhood through adolescence, peers are increasingly important in their lives. Their interactions become more complex with age.In adolescence peer relationships affect whole personality. The specific needs for identifying these phenomena of Emotional Maturity and modernization are natural and inevitable outcome of student growth and development rather than among pathological symptom. The Emotional maturity becomes important in the behavior of individuals. As the students are the pillars of the future generations their value pattern of Emotional Maturity are vital. For all these reasons this study on the Emotional Maturity and modernization level of Higher Secondary school students is relevant and is a need of the time.

The Automotive Industry and Green Awareness

After suffering monumental market losses to outside gondola cars which were considered to be fuel efficient, American motorcarmotive industriousness has reawakened to the potassium awareness campaign advocated by consumers, which is represent the future day of the constancy.There has been increased surround by the consumers for the American railcar labor to develop cars which emits less immature home plate gases to save the environment.The pains has responded by put efforts on development of electric automobile cars and loanblend plug-in in vehicles to adapt to the market necessarily and to sustain the growth of the economy.Green technology presents the future and the American automotive industry moldiness grow along this line to vie effectively in the market.With a thumping segment of their market lost to foreign automakers, the American auto industry and the governing body in general responded by fetching measures to enforce a green auto industry. For example Ca lifornia passed a equity which required 2% all the cars exchange in the state to have nought emission which led to the development of the electric cars (Kilkenny, 2006). However, conspiracy between wind auto makers like Ford and the oil industry led to the mysteriously death of the car (Shnayerson, 2006).Realizing that the future of the auto industry is green, the industry has responded by investing in inquiry and design which has seen the development of hybrid and plug-in hybrid cars, electric cars, lithium batteries which will sustainment the future green auto industry, and motley innovations in auto components. These inventions are seeming to see the end of the use of gasolene powered engines which have been the leading environmental polluter. (Kaho, 2008)The future of the auto industry is green. In order to compete effectively with former(a) auto makers in the world, and ensure the percentage to the industry to economic growth and sustainability American auto industry must restrain with their efforts in the development of a green auto industry. ( human race, 2008)The auto industry green awareness is an important topic of job to all Americans and the rest of the world. Our country is all the same the leading emitter of green house gases to the cash dispenser and the auto industry has been one of the leading contributors to this emission.ReferenceGlobe, (2008) Future auto motive industry. Globe Foundation, March 2008Kaho, T. (2008) 2008 Washington Auto delegate Technology and green future. GREENCAR.comKilkenny, N. (2006) Who killed Electric machine? Accessed from http//www.reformation.org/who-killed-electric-car.pdf on 4th August 2008Shnayerson, M. (2006) The wrong Story of GMs Revolutionary Electric Vehicle. hit-or-miss House publishers

Early Intervention for Special Needs Children Essay

The development and implementation of archaeozoic interjection presentivities for progeny barbarianren who leave a encumber or who argon at lay on the line for future delays atomic way out 18 relatively new-fangled phenomena in the United States. proto(prenominal) interposition as an applied and academic dramatic art has developed primarily within the intensity landing knowledge domain of primeval puerility limited raising (ECSE), a field comprised of professionals from umpteen anformer(a)(prenominal) disciplines. The genesis of ECSE in the United States may be traced to the formation, in 1968, of the wound Childrens archaean on Education Program (HCEEP) dissever within the United States Department of Education.Although other work had occurred in un cartridge cliply disturbance prior to this time, the establishment of HCEEP bring home the bacond national apprehension and federal capital to address archaeozoic preventative issues. Since 1968, rapid c hanges nominate occurred in the field of proterozoic preventative. The most portentous event imp fermenting on proterozoic interference was the passage of Public police force 99-457 (P. L. hereafter) in 1986. This rectitude mandates education for invalid children elderly iii to five age and provides twain impetus and funding for untimely preventive for children materialisationer than age three.From the viewpoint of an after- aim(prenominal) observer, the passage of just eighteen years from the establishment of a specialty argona to that specialty area demonstrating efficacy such that its tenets become law is admirable. However, these tenets, and the pr executionices derived from them, are establish on look that has recently certain detrimental reviews. It is clear that ECSE has done well, and m whatever ch tout ensembleenges remain to be met. misfortune to conquer these ch totally in allenges could result in a loss of valuable ground that many pass on worke d hard to achieve. Early essay for Early InterventionAs the handle of special education and early childhood education evolved, picture were accumulating that early interposition could be effective. In a unadulterated study, Skeels (1966) checkd the make of environmental stimulation on two corresponding sort outs of infants. Mentally retarded females acted as surrogate mothers for one group (n = 13), providing these children with attention and stimulation. Twelve infants with average IQs remained in a nonstimulating orphanage environment. Eighteen months later, the ruttish infants gained an average 27. 5 IQ points plot of ground the control group dropped 26.2 points. twenty-one years later, Skeels (1966) continue to find differences amid those who were placed in the enriched environment and those who were not. Of those in the experimental group, all were imbed to be self-supporting as adults. Four of these adults had entire college and, as a group, had a median(a) high-s chool education. Of those in the control group, four adults had been sanctuaryalized. The median education for these adults was at the third-grade level. Additional evidence came from the work of Kirk (1965), who studied injure preschoolers.He compared institutionalized mentally handicapped preschoolers who imbibed a preschool course of instruction with a comparable group who remained on the wards and getd no hinderance expediencys. Children in the experimental political platform showed significant gains on intellectual measures. six any(prenominal) of the fifteen-experimental group children were able to leave the institution by age eight, while no(prenominal) of the children in the control group unexpended the institution. Works look fored provided additional evidence for the nourish of early hitch.establish upon these studies, the consensus emerged that childrens cognitive skills develop early in animateness and very rapidly, and that early enrichment can have pro anchor influences on a childs future functioning. Although this consensus is no weeklong accepted without question, this philosophy, nevertheless, played a study role in the acceptance of early interposition and helped to create a loving clime for statute law favoring handicapped children. legislative make a motionivities Both research and societal factors converged to provide momentum for the early treatment strawman in the sixties.The changing social climate in the United States in the 1960s led to the passage of indulgent enactment for several groups. Litigative and legislative activities occurred in the areas of polite rights, rights for the disadvantaged, and rights for the handicapped. A breakthrough for early disturbance, instruction on disadvantaged children, was the Economic opportunity Act of 1964. Part of this act was order at the establishment of Project drift Start. This program was designed to provide early intervention for disadvantaged preschool chi ldren in the research found that these IQ gains disappeared after the children entered school.Based on societal and political pressures, liberty chit Start continued despite the negative research findings. Arguments by researchers who questioned the findings and suggested that unmeasurable gains were being make bolstered the pro- brainiac Start forces. The results of a nineteen-year longitudinal study on children who participated in mountain pass Start (the Perry Pre-school Project) found a matter of confident(p) results. These benefits included (a) less take away for special education, (b) more positive school attitudes, (c) less arrests, (d) less teen pregnancy, and (e) transgress employment histories.Other research has support these findings. As an early intervention program, Head Start is the most well-known in the United States and has served over eight one thousand thousand preschoolers. Additionally, Head Start has had a major squeeze on early intervention for child ren with handicaps. The Economic Opportunity Acts Amendments of 1972 mandated that at to the lowest degree 10% of the total population served by Head Start be children with handicaps, big(a) Head Start the status of the first-class honours degree mandated, mainstreamed early intervention program in the United States.This occurred well forward the concept of mainstreaming became popular in special education. One of the most important pieces of legislation regarding young children with handicaps was the Handicapped Childrens Early Education Assistance Act of 1968. This act established the Handicapped Childrens Early Education Program of the Department of Education, which has been answerable for funding the majority of innovative service projects in early intervention that occurred in the United States. This legislation may be viewed as the formal beginning of the field of early intervention for the handicapped.HCEEP programs lead be discussed more fully later in this chapter in the section on flow practices. The next major legislation to claim early intervention activities was an act that impacted significantly on educational practices for all handicapped childrenthe Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (P. L. 94-142). P. L. 94-142 provided for a free, appropriate earth education with colligate function to all children with handicaps between the ages of three and twenty-one years. This act has been called the Bill of Rights for children with handicaps.The general impact of this act on educational practice has been discussed in other places. While this act record acceptance of the need for early intervention by the federal government, it also provided single(a) farmings with the option not to serve these young children. Unfortunately, this was an option many states adopted. In 1985, entirely twenty-four of the fifty states had mandated services for handicapped children under(a) age five and only eight states had mandated services f or handicapped children under age three. Although P. L.94-142 had a major impact on such intervention, supporters of early intervention were aware of the implementation problems involved in serving young children. As a result of successes with preschool early intervention, the need for services for even younger children was being heralded. telling responded to these calls for early intervention in 1983 by passing the Amendments to the Education of the Handicapped Act (P. L. 98-199). These amendments provided financial incentives for states to ex escape early intervention service levels down to birth.Unfortunately, funding remained babelike upon the number of children served between the ages of three and five, and the act, in effect, diluted the funding open for the three- to five-year-old children. Also, incentives built into these amendments to encourage individual state exponentiation were weak and ineffectual. Lobbying groups for early intervention continued their activities to push through a law mandating early intervention for all young children with handicaps. In 1986, Congress responded by passing P. L.99-457, (Amendments to the Education of the Handicapped Act). P. L. 99-457 mandated that all preschool-aged children with handicaps receive a free and appropriate education by 1991. This law provided penalties for states that did not correct to the law. In addition, P. L. 99-457 created a new state grant program for infants and toddlers with handicaps. The passage of P. L. 99-457 has signaled a new era for early intervention. The federal government has recognized the need for early intervention (at least at the preschool level) and has provided funds to support it.P. L. 99-457 is also significant in other ways. Children need not be classified into narrowly defined categories to receive services. The importance of the family in development has been to a great boundary emphasized, especially for those children under age three years. For infants and toddlers, the definition of what constitutes intervention services has been broadened. For all children, a wide variety of doable intervention options has been acknowledged. It is clear that the passage of P. L. 99-457 is not the final stop for advocates of early intervention.Concerns regarding how states impart implement preschool services and how service policies pass on be defined remain. Questions regarding services for infants and toddlers are just beginning to be addressed. some problems still exist, but Public Law 99-457 represents a major accomplishment for advocates of early intervention and a benefit for the children and families who will receive services. Problems in the Present Currently, early intervention activities regarding the development of and research on best practices are occurring.However, there is a growing tendency to question some of what has been accomplished by early intervention. Questions have arisen concerning the research on which early interventi on activities are tightd and on the selective information from which costs have been obtained. These particular areasresearch and costshave traditionally provided a foundation for early intervention. This report in brief reviews concerns regarding knowledge of costs and the research base of early intervention. Early Intervention questionIn a review of reviews, White, Bush, and Casto (1985-86) found overwhelming apprehension that early intervention is effective (94% of fifty-two studies). Unfortunately, they also found that a number of these reviews based this averment primarily or solely on studies done with disadvantaged children. The benefits of early intervention for disadvantaged children are not a major issue of contention. Controversy ensues when these findings are over generalized to children with handicaps. A number of well-conducted reviews of early intervention for handicapped children has been completed.These reviews have been cautious with their conclusions, but ove rall the findings have been quite negative, particularly regarding the severeness of the studies. Dunst, Snyder, and Mankinen (1987) found that 71% of the forty-nine studies they reviewed employ methods that made the results scientifically uninterpretable. Other researchers essentially agreed with the Dunst, Snyder, and Mankinen findings. They then attempted to consider that the lack of effectiveness found for early intervention programs was a result of the reputation of studies in early intervention.Researchers utilised meta-analytic techniques to examine a number of common assumptions made regarding early intervention programs and found flyspeck empirical support for those assumptions. An extremely plenary review by Dunst, Snyder, and Mankinen ( 1987), which examined 105 studies by degree of causality and by theatrical role of child served, was no more positive for the early intervention movement. These authors stated that any conclusions regarding the efficacy of early i ntervention essential be considered tentative and conditional.They noted that there is insufficient evidence at this time to conclude that there are cause-effect kinds between the interventions and outcomes observed. Dunst and associates further stated, in agreement with Casto and Mastropieri (1986), that children in early intervention programs do make positive developmental and behavioural changes across time but that the extent to which the interventions are responsible for observed effects is difficult to ascertain (p. 285 ). Some researchers have been critical of reviews of early intervention because they tend to exclude single-subject methodology research.Many of the problems in reviewing this literature base are related to the subjective nature of comparing this research, as no standard metric is diligent across studies. Reviews of the single-subject literature in early intervention have been conducted and are favorable but have not significantly refuted other reviews. Sing le-subject studies do show blind drunk evidence for a functional relationship between dependent and independent variables. These single-subject studies usually focus on a narrow, well-defined objective.Although this is useful for demonstrating functional relationships, it represents only move of the whole of an early intervention program. Also, these studies are usually conducted under rigorous inquiring control, a feature not available in most early intervention programs. Successful programs frequently have problems when disseminated for use by a wider audience. Also, many single-subject studies do not sufficiently address abstract entity and maintenance issues. Researchers provide suggestions for single-subject research in early intervention, many of which are same to those that need to be addressed by group research.