Compare the Structure and Function of Collagen and Haemoglobin Essay

Haemoglobin is a transport protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. In order to function most efficiently, haemoglobin needs to bind to oxygen tightly when the oxygen concentration is high in the lungs and be able to release oxygen rapidly in the relatively low partial pressure in the tissues. I will be comparing the structure and function of haemoglobin with the structure and function of collagen, which is a structural protein. Collagen’s functions are quite different from those of globular proteins such as enzymes; tough bundles of collagen called collagen fibers are a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside. Collagen is also present in certain cells as it has great tensile strength, and is the main component of fascia, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone and teeth. Primary Structure; the number, type and sequence of amino acids The primary level of structure in a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids, formed by a condensation reaction. The primary structure of these proteins are very different. The haemoglobin molecule consists of four polypeptide (globin) chains, where as collagen is made up of three polypeptide chains wound round each other. In Haemoglobin there are a wide range of amino acid constituents in the primary structure, in contrast 35% of collagen’s primary structure is glycine. This difference in primary structure causes the proteins themselves to be different; due to the original different primary structure the haemoglobin protein is soluble in water whereas the collagen protein is not. Secondary structure; Formed when the chain of amino acid coils or folds to form an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.  Haemoglobin is comprised of four polypeptide subunits, two with alpha helix secondary structure and two with beta pleated sheet form. All four components carry a heme group that can bind to oxygen, and all four components must be present to form haemoglobin. The shape of the haemaglobin affects its ability to carry oxygen, and travel freely throughout the circulatory system. Whereas Collagen’s secondary structure involves three strands of protein bonded together between the chains with hydrogen bonds  and then twisted into a helix that is referred to as a ‘collagen helix’. Tertiary structure; the final three dimensional shape of protein is formed when these coils and pleats coil or fold. Due to interactions between R-groups of the different amino acids. The tertiary structure or overall shape of collagen protein subunits is a helical chain. Due to the ways in which the amino acids are arranged the protein can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Soluble proteins, like haemoglobin will fold with the hydrophobic side on the inside and the hydrophilic side on the outside. As with all proteins the tertiary structure of each subunit is held in place by a number of bonds and interactions, these interation give the subunits and whole molecule very specific shapes, this is why haemoglobin and collagen differ so greatly in structure and in function as the shape of the molecule (due to the tertiary structure) is vital for the molecule to carry out its function. Quaternary structure; some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide subunit joined together.   The quaternary structure of haemoglobin consists of four polypeptide subunits. Two are called alpha chains and two are called beta chains. The four subunits together form one haemoglobin molecule, which is water soluble. In comparison, The quaternary structure of collagen consists of three left-handed helices twisted into a right-handed coil. Fibrous proteins, like collagen contain polypeptide chains arranged in long strands or sheets, whereas globular proteins, like haemoglobin have polypeptide chains that are folded in a spherical shape. Due to the differences in structure of collagen and haemoglobin their shape and function also differ greatly. The triple helix structure of collagen gives the structure strength and therefore the function of collagen is to provide mechanical strength in many areas. Where as the presence of a prosthetic group, Haem, in the structure of haemoglobin means oxygen can bind to the iron. This means that one complete haemoglobin molecule can bind up to four

Religion and Dance Essay

Do you see any similarities between the rituals of primitive societies and rituals that we have in today’s society? Society today does use dance in religious ceremonies or occasions but not necessarily in a ritualistic form that earlier primitive societies would use per say. However, dance in both today and past societies used basic, everyday motions and movements to form dances, where some of these dance practices are still used even today. How might one’s moral, religious and ethical values influence their thoughts and opinions on art? Discuss specific examples in relation to the question. Some religions might view dance as promiscuous or offensive with mere basic body movements such as a hip sway or that of similar movements. For example, most people generally view a traditional form of dance, the belly dance, in the Islamic culture as â€Å"sexual† yet that is not the sole purpose of it whatsoever. Even in today’s society, people are aware that the image of sex is everywhere and can even be seen in the modern day dance culture. Regardless of a person’s religious background, values, or beliefs, anyone can decide on what they consider to be art. All of these factors can influence one’s decision on what art is to them. Can you think of any works of art, in addition to the ones mentioned, that were not readily accepted by the society in which they were created, but held in high regards years later? John Singer Sargent’s â€Å"Madame Pierre Gautreau†, created in 1884, caused a huge uproar over the reddish pink color used on the woman’s ear lobe. At the time, it was considered far too suggestive and supposedly ruining the reputation of high-society. What do you think is meant by the final statement â€Å"†¦an audience’s response to a dance says as much about the audience as it does the dance,† and do you agree or disagree with this statement? The statement basically says that the way an audience reacts to a dance explains and gives a representation of their interpretation of the piece. Meaning both as individuals and as a whole audience. I personally agree with the statement, mainly because it is true. The viewers are just as important as the dance itself because they are the one’s that give meaning to a dance or any work of art for that matter.

Evolution of Human Speech Essay

It can not be disputed that speech is an important aspect in communication and above all it enables man to adapt to his environment by expressing his feelings, thoughts and sentiments. The power of the spoken word is also apparent in different authorities at it reflects what should be done and the ultimate success of the society. This illustrates why this art was adopted millions of years ago by the ancient man and has been used since then. However, the origin and development of speech is still unclear with various theories being put forward to address this issue. The most recent development in this field has been the proposal that this unique human characteristic developed from the gene FOXP2 in the KE family. However, this is yet to be affirmed as counter propositions have been raised, both by scientists, anthropologists and biologists. It is upon this background that this paper aims at analyzing the different phases of the evolution of human speech. Speech is a complex occurrence that is characterized by intonation and flow. However, Hewitt emphasizes that gestures are the most fundamental aspect of speech because of the fact that speech emanates from the movement of certain body organs in a systematic manner (342). From this, he further argues that the earliest human beings essentially used gestures in communication (342). This marked the earliest form and starts a journey to modern human speech. According to Crow, man definitely developed this sign language from the birds and the insect gestures (49). In this respect, he indicates that the birds usually take a material for nesting to the partner as a sign of proposal. In addition, the bees usually move their tails in a certain specific motion when they land on a flower that has nectar. From observing the characters of these and other animals like the dogs and the cats, man came up with a sign language to enable him communicate just like the other animals (Hewitt 342). As such different gestures were adopted by man to symbolize different things and ideas. For example, waving meant good bye, putting fingers on the lips meant keep quiet and shaking ones head meant disagreement. Hauser indicates that these gestures are still being used by the modern man and has the same implication (52). In addition, the gestures are universal and mean the same thing in diverse cultures. This has an implication that speech developed from a single source. Further, by watching the animals such as dogs and chimpanzees make some sounds when expressing different emotions, Maddeison points out that man also imitated them and came up with certain syllables that could convey the different emotions like for instance crying, laughing among others (56). Indeed, he affirms that the traditional man was able to grunt, cry and produce other emotional sounds with the help of his laryngeal glands. However, Hewitt argues that man developed speech because of his craftsmanship (342). To this end, he indicates that as man involved his hands in practical activities like Agriculture and crafts, he increasingly found it difficult to use his hands to communicate by gesturing while working at the same time. Furthermore, since his eyes also concentrated on the duties he was doing, it became difficult to see and acknowledge the gestures. According to Hewitt, this prompted him to derive other ways of expressing his ideas while working at the same time (342). Thus, Crow shows that he developed this using the lips and the tongue and that is when speech was born (57). Development of speech is thus related to the gestures that man once used. In this respect, it can be noted that children that are learning how to write often twist their tongues as their hands move. In addition, it can be observed that when a person is using a pair of scissors to cut anything, usually, the jaws of the person also move simultaneously. From this, Hewitt argues that it can be concluded that as it became more and more difficult to use hands in gesturing, man adopted the gestures using his jaw, lips and tongue (342). Hence, the development of speech is actually related to the activities that man engaged in. In other words, man adopted his speech from movement of his hands as he concentrated on different activities. With time, man got used to using the jaw, tongue and lips and his hands retired completely from gesturing. Afterwards another vital discovery was made that if air could be blown through the nose or mouth as the jaw, lips and the tongue moved systematically, these movements could become audible either as whispers or as sounds (Hauser p. 55). This reflected the sounds of grunting, snoring and crying made by man initially. As a result man was able to hear these sounds and hence communicate even when in the dark or when away from his peers, something he could not do earlier on. However, it was soon realized that not all movements of the jaws, lips and tongue were successful in producing these audible and coherent sounds. Hence, according to Hewitt, man decided to limit the mouth movement to up and down and not sideways (343). This was very effective in producing the coherent and audible sounds and man was then able to communicate effectively. Afterwards, man realized that the repetition of these sounds could make words and many words could make a speech. He made this idea practical while relatively using the words and finally, he was able to communicate clearly. In addition, Hauser argues that the development of these words was contributed to by the activities that man engaged in (57). For example, he explains that the word â€Å"sip† originates from the act is sipping. According to him, when man sips any liquid, and air is blown in to the mouth, the sounds of sip sap are produced. This explains how the word sipping came in to existence. It should be noted that these words are acknowledged ad appreciated universally and including in English. In the development of speech, Crow points out that man started with simple words and consonants before developing more complex words (62). To this effect, he indicates that the baboon can say certain simple words like man, is, eat amongst others although it can not use the words successively to make a sentence. Likewise, Crow contents that the development of speech took the same pattern (62). According to him, man started with simple words like go, eat, is amongst others before he came up with more complex words. However, unlike the baboon, man was able to repeat these sounds because he has two interlinked tubes in the vocal track while the baboon and the chimpanzee have only one (Crow p. 63). This explains while these animals, besides being hominids can not use speech. Words differ considerably because of the different environment and other scenarios that are unique to different areas. These include the climatic conditions, culture and other natural episodes and scenarios that characterize different areas. Despite this, Hewitt asserts that speech originated from the very first attempt by man to use lips, the tongue and jaws (343). This development is perceived to have occurred almost 400,000 years ago when is thought to have developed the essential organs to aid in the same. Specifically, the hypoglossal canal is perceived to be instrumental in attaining this condition and the right size for this is thought to have developed at this time. In addition, the gland is effective in transferring the relevant signals to the brain which then develops the ideas to be passed on. Despite the development of these vital organs, it is not clear whether speech developed concurrently or later on as other studies point out that speech developed only 100000 years ago (Maddeison, p. 62). To this effect, he argues that other vital features in speech development like the long neck developed almost 100000 years ago and therefore, speech developed then. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be ascertained that the development of speech in man is a phenomenon that started millions of years ago. This started by man imitating the gestures made by birds, insects and animals. Then, he started emulating the sounds made by the same and gradually developed his own sound system. It is also worth noting that the advent of craftsmanship contributed a great deal to the development of speech. In fact, it can be argued that this was the major factor that made man develop his speech. Works Cited Davidson, Hauser. Development of Speech in the Hominids; Cambridge: University Press, 1997. Foged, Maddeison. The Diversity in Linguistics; UK: Oxford, 1996. McLarnon, Hewitt. â€Å"Anthropology: The Origin and Development of Human Speech† American journal of Linguistic Inquiry, 109 (3) 1999: 341-343 Ploog, Crow,J. The Modern Man and Development of Speech; UK: Ox

To what degree does trust affect the competition in E-commerce Essay

To what degree does trust affect the competition in E-commerce - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that e-commerce or electronic commerce is a type of commerce where buying and selling of products and services are virtual, in that it is conducted across electronic platforms like the internet and other computer-enabled networks. E-commerce is a recent development has cropped up after the introduction of the computer and the internet. In the virtual world of e-commerce, trade becomes a process of communicating via systems that connect the buyer and seller in a virtual marketplace. Like in the other common types of commerce, e-commerce involves a lot of communication between the buyer and the seller in such a way that, the interaction buffers the deficit created by the existence of a virtual trading platform, which deviates from the one-on-one contact in typical trading. E-commerce utilizes several technological developments in the world of commerce, communication, marketing, data exchange, payments and computers among other major developme nts that enhance execution of e-commerce. These developments include; internet marketing, electronic funds transfer, mobile commerce, electronic data exchange (EDI), online transaction systems and automated data collection among other technologies. E-commerce relies on a set of technologies to successfully execute transactions. A typical e-commerce transaction starts with a customer visiting a company’s website that acts as a virtual store for products and services that the company deals with. The customer shops for the products and places an order of one or several items in the store.

Environment and Sustainable Development Assignment - 1

Environment and Sustainable Development - Assignment Example This ensures that all life forms are equitably taken care of and extinction of certain species is eluded (Williamson 12) . Assist the government and corporations as well as the public to make strides in utilization and full beneficial access from natural resources. By doing so they ensure that there are maximum use and colossal benefits from the environment mutually. The role of environmentalist relates to the various techniques taught in class such as botanical and zoological conservation methods to delve into the core role of environmental conservation. Subsequently, every approach was undertaken in class in terms of practical work links in unison to the practical approach undertaken by environmentalists. The interview conducted involved an expert in the environmental field. Name; Contact no: The main method of interview used was question and answer and from the results achieved the report was written. Preceding the tour of an environmental based scene/ zone it was evident that conservation of the species was paramount among all (the basis of our class topics-conservation of an environment). Furthermore, there was clear evidence of improvement in the sustainability of the environment in various ways such as aquariums of indigenous fish species as a way of protecting them.  Ã‚  

Hazardous Wastes from Materials Extraction Assignment

Hazardous Wastes from Materials Extraction - Assignment Example The two metals are mined as ores with impurities such as lead, selenium, benzene, cadmium and numerous other impurities. The ores are melted in a furnace till they reach their boiling points which are 7000 degrees Celsius. The boiling point of other impurities in these ores is lower and, therefore, by the moment aluminium and steel begin to boil the impurities are already in vapour form which is condensed to their respective pure metals such as lead, and selenium (Fletcher 10). Aluminium and steel are left in their furnaces as a sludge that is condensed with the help red sludge as a reducing agent. The success of steel and aluminium refining depends on how well the vapour of impurities is condensed and not released into the atmosphere. It also depends on how the manufacturer is ethical so as not to dump these wastes illegally. When released illegally, these heavy metals will be swept off by running rain water and taken into rivers. This causes these metals to de eaten by fish. This f ish is then consumed by human beings. As these metals cannot be digested, they accumulate in the body causing various ailments such as cancer. In addition, if the red sludge is not well disposed of it causes soil alkalinity that is expensive to correct. The substance also contains heavy metals that it picks from the molten aluminium. Its proper disposal is, therefore, important. The refining of oil is also an energy intensive process. Crude oil is boiled in a fractionating column that allows the various components to evaporate when its boiling point is reached. When the boiling point of plastic elements in crude oil is reached, the liquid is collected and molten into various forms. The success of this process also depends on how impurities such as plastics are trapped before they escape into the atmosphere as pollutants (Fletcher 10). Similarities The refining of the three elements involves melting their original complex compound, that is, crude oil, steel ore and aluminium ore. The impurities of these ores evaporate and these elements are left in pure form (Smith 13). US industries and Reporting US have many industries dealing with steel, aluminum, and crude oil. These industries are required by law to submit annual environmental audits of their activities. These reports outline the effects their activities have on the environment. They also outline the measures they are taking to control the bad effects of their production process. They are also required to employ latest technologies to save energy use and conserve resources. Environmental Protection Agency monitors all industries to ensure they have complied with environmental laws (Kubova 12). Fairness of the Industries The cases presented in the websites do not give a fair compensation to those who were affected by the sludge and toxic smoke from the steel industry. This is because they are reported to be dumping illegal toxic materials beyond levels that are agreed. They also promise to restore degraded land areas of which they cannot be restored completely. They also give false information that the sludge is not harmful to both people and environment (Olivares 12). This is not the reality because people had to be taken to hospital with burns and some also died due to harmful effects of the sludge. Are there differences in pollution generation based on country of production? Companies from developed countries shift their industries to third world counties because they often find it

Discuss how variation within the human genome might lead to cancer Essay

Discuss how variation within the human genome might lead to cancer - Essay Example These tumor cells are eventually able to invade neighboring tissue and spread further to other tissues via metastasis. Cancer begins after one cell undergoes one gene variation after another, until these collectively transform normal cells to uncontrollably dividing cancerous cells. Current research identifies the mutations that lead to cancer as occurring in two general genes; the proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which normally accelerate and inhibit growth and division of cells respectively (Wong et al, 2011: p429). As a result, gene variations that over-activate proto-oncogenes and inhibit tumor suppressor genes drive the development of transformed cancer cells. These gene variants responsible for maintaining this transformed cancer phenotype are then selected for during tumorigenesis, causing cancer. Genetic instability has been identified as a fundamental hallmark of all cancerous cells. Genetic instability, in this case, is referent to increased frequency of genomic mutations. According to Almendro et al (2013: p283), this genetic instability can be seen at both the chromosomal level leading to deletions, translocations, amplifications, and aneuploidy of the entire chromosome, as well as at nucleotide level leading to point mutations. The two manifestations of genetic instability can result in an increase of mutation rates in cancerous cells through the alteration of protein function or expression. In the past five years, the most prevalent debate has been about whether changes to single nucleotides or abnormalities related to large macromolecular chromosomes tend to be more common in human cancer, as well as whether they are a causative factor in development of cancer (Almendro et al, 2013: p283). Alteration in chromosome number, also referred to as aneuploidy, is a critical characteristic of any cancers and is, in fact, one of the genetic alterations most observed in human cancers. Specific exchanges of chromosomes have been found to

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 46

Reflection - Essay Example From absolutely nowhere came three people, they asked me for my belongings. One of them spotted a watch on my wrist, it was a rolex watch which my father had gifted on my 20th birthday. It was perhaps the most expensive thing on my body. With great difficulty I parted ways with it, if I had not they probably would have killed me. In retrospect I think the decision was right because they had guns and were heavily armed. If I had resisted I am sure they would have killed me then and there. My father was really sad upon hearing this story, he was inconsolable. Then came the rescuers and shunned the mob away and I just could not thank them enough for their timely help. I was sulking because the watch had gone, its price did not matter to me at all but the fact that it was a dear gift from my father mattered the most to me. I managed to get out my bed and found some motivation. The rest of the day was fine as I shook off the past and looked forward to a brighter day. The amusement park trip was a memorable one but the trip to Boston ended on another sad note. I lost my wallet at the airport. As though it was already not bad enough. I have no qualms, I am always positive about the future. I have realized that I need to anticipate danger and act accordingly. This is really important and this will keep me safe from getting mobbed. All in all the trip to Boston was a memorable experience even though it was for the worse. I have learned so much, one needs to be cognizant and read danger well something which I completely failed to do. I have matured as an individual now and I take every precaution possible to keep myself safe. Gun crime has become increasingly common in the US and something needs to be done about it sooner rather than

5film review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

5film - Movie Review Example Griffin Mill time and again talks about the set movie formulas that go into the making of blockbusters. However, the reflective strain in the movie extends much beyond the formula theory to eke out varied other standard activities and promotional ploys which make a hit movie. The other hackneyed element of the film production that varied characters in the movie tend to unify on is the power commanded by the big stars. Throughout the movie almost 60 recognizable film celebrities walk through the movie, thereby evoking much smiles and ridicule as to the star power and the way it minimizes the artistic and creative aspects of the much followed world of cinema. The Player as a movie relies on the film history and the works and attributes of an array of filmmakers and actors to frame them in a very different context that is not only wryly funny, but also ekes out the standard, set and generalized in the world of cinema. The ideationally hegemonic and trivialized aspect of the Hollywood well seeps out of the dialogues stated by varied actors. Many of the times it is Hollywood that is the topic of choice delved upon by an array of actors who emphatically convey the standard Hollywood jokes and peculiarities and present Hollywood as an industrial churner of ente rtainment, rather than being a creative

PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE for DRAMA OF DIVERSITY class, about these 2 Statement

PERSPECTIVE for DRAMA OF DIVERSITY class, about these 2 questions When did you first notice that you were different fr - Personal Statement Example I always felt that it was my moral obligation to help out others. I have probably given over 100 tutoring sessions in my lifetime free of charge. To me helping others was a truly gratifying experience. Back when I was 12 years old I would always play basketball during lunchtime and after school. I would practice alone for hours upon hours because I loved the game. My teachers always told me that I was a very special student. I have always loved reading about different subjects. When the internet became popular back in the 1990’s I became a more sophisticated student due to the fact that the internet provided me with an unlimited source of information. Since I was very young I was always very curious about learning new things. I believe that every human being has unique attributes and skills that can be used to make our society a better place. 2. A few years ago I was a member of an organization as a part-time worker. In this job one of my primary duties was giving refunds to t he employees that went on business trips. My supervisor was a very nice man that treated me with respect. After six months on the job my supervisor got promoted and he left the office to work at another division in another state. At that time the head of the office became my supervisor. From the start I did not like the way I was treated by this person. She though because I was young and inexperienced that I did not deserve any respect.

Chinese Revolution and Mao Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese Revolution and Mao - Essay Example For several years, Allied powers became successful to its campaign to stabilize the World from further destruction caused by the Axis powers. At the same time, each Ally has raised its leverage to the world. Separated by ideologies, surprisingly, these nations remain on the zenith of political and economic power. Nonetheless, they found each other threatening most especially by the Neo-liberalist USA and the socialist USSR. China on the other hand was beyond that contingency because unlike Russia, they never have place their selves into that astringent situation where war should be waged to reconcile a two diverging ideology. China's communism stratagem was started during the time of Dr. Sun-Yet San. It soon progress when a young leader named Mao Tse Tsung revolutionized those who were left behind. Communism was not the only philosophy that pervades during that time. Nationalism was on its way headed by General Chiang Kai Shek. Both were on the same side of exonerating Japan's mighty invasion off to China. Yet prior to the agreement to battle Japan, they had launched several clashes that could trigger a civil war in the mainland. Apparently, Allied success was on the forefront, this liberates China from further subjugation. Thereafter, the battle of power resumed. Nationalism was less adhered mainly because majority of Chinese population is working class including peasants and laborers. Nationalist party were consists of elites and middle class warriors which entirely had different interest to that of the working class. Chiang's boldness had faced severe failures even when he was backed up by the United States. For fear of losing title, US indirectly penetrated to the mainland through Chiang. The continued global upheaval is a form of transmutation of the global political and economic philosophy to liberalism. Chiang's insistence of nationalism to rule China brought relentless aggression. According to King "Chiang attacked the Communist group in Goumindang or K uomintang while some other survived fled. He also attacked Jiangxi in China where the famous Long March was set off, all the survive communist escaped to the north and take a long voyage perhaps 6000 miles for 368 days while some other present are women"(King, 2001). However unsuccessful he was, he still established his long dream as the head of the Chinese state in exile. The Communist Party of China was established under the leadership of Mao. In the year 1950, China signed a treaty with the Soviet Union establishing an alliance between them and giving back the other Chinese territories taken by Russia a decade ago. China helped other Communist state in French Indochina and in North Korea in 1950's. In order to restore and improve the nation's economy, Mao has proposed several options. One of which is reviving the agricultural regulation through Commune System. His first proposition is land redistribution to the peasants. The CCP had directed that all properties shall owned by the government. It is their sole right to appropriate all wealth of nation to its people, such as the discretion to divide the land (as it is the main source of income of most of the families during that time) proportionate to the need of the family. Several cooperatives were raised to share labors and pooled off resources. In order to achieve maximum

The fun drive company Essay Example for Free

The fun drive company Essay Once all the required data has been collected and verified and also approved by the manager of the Fun Drive Company, the changes would be put into action. Firstly, the data would be sorted into tables. I would create a Main Menu to access forms, reports and queries. The tables that would be created in order to organize the data are as follows: Dealers Table: The fields in this table would be Dealers Id, Dealers Name, Address, Contact Number and Email. And the Primary Key is the Dealers Id. FIELD NAME DATA TYPE Dealers Id Number Name Text Address Text Contact Number Number Email Text The use of validation would be necessary in the Dealers Id and Contact Number. The Validation Rule for the Dealers Id would be 0 and the Validation Text would be Entry Must Be A Nonzero Value. The Validation Rule for the Contact Number would be 0 and the Validation Text would be Entry Must Be A Nonzero Value. Input Mask: Name -Dealers Id   999 Suppliers Table: The fields in this table would be Suppliers Id, Name, Address, Contact Number, Item Name, Quantity and Email. The Primary Key in this table would be the Suppliers Id. FIELD NAME DATA TYPE Suppliers Id Number Name Text Address Text Contact Number Number Item Name Text Quantity Number Email Text The Validation Rule for Suppliers Id would be 0 and the Validation text would be Entry Must be A Nonzero Value. The Validation Rule for Contact Number would be   0 and the Validation Text would be Entry Must Be A Nonzero Value. Input Mask: Name. Suppliers Id   999 Quantity 999 Employees Table: The fields in the employees table are Employees Id, Name, Telephone Number, Wage Rate, Hours Worked, Basic Salary and Address. The Primary Key in the table would be the Employees Id. FIELD NAME DATA TYPE Employees Id Number Name Text Telephone Number Number Address Text Wage Rate Currency Hours Worked Number Basic Salary Currency The Validation Rule for the Employees Id would be 0 and the Validation Text would be Entry Must Be A Nonzero Value. The Validation Rule for Telephone Number would be 0 and the Validation Text would be Entry Must Be A Nonzero Value. Validation would also be used for wage rate, hours worked and basic salary. The validation Rule for Wage Rate would be 0 and the Validation Text would be Entry Must be A Nonzero Value. The Validation Rule for Hours Worked would be 52 and the Validation text would be Less than 52. The Validation Rule for Basic Salary would be 0 and the Validation Text would be Greater than 0. Input Mask: Employees I999. 99 Purchases Table: This table would contain fields such as Dealers Id, Name, Item required, Quantity, Date Of Purchase, Price, Discount Allowed and Item Code. The Primary Key would be the Dealers Id. The Dealers Id would be looked up from the Dealers Table. FIELD NAME DATA TYPE Dealers Id Number Name Text Item Required Text Quantity Number Date Of Purchase Date/Time Price Currency Discount Allowed Currency Item Code Number Validation would be used for Dealers Id, Date of Purchase and Price . The Validation Rule for Dealers Id would be 0 and the Validation Text would be Entry Must be A Nonzero value. The Validation Rule for Price would be 60 or 1000 and the Validation Text would be Not Less Than 60 And Not Greater Than 1000. TStock Table: The Fields in this table would be the Item Code, Quantity-in-hand, Item Name and Suppliers Name. The Primary Key would be the Item Code. And the Suppliers Name would be looked up from the Suppliers Table. FIELD NAME DATA TYPE Item Code Text Quantity In Hand Text Item Name Number Suppliers Name Number The Validation Rule for Item Code would be0 and the Validation text would be Entry Must Be A Nonzero value. Input Mask: Item Codtables. I would create a form from the Employees Table. This form would store Employees Id, Name, Wage Rate, Hours Worked and Basic Salary. Other form created would be from the Purchases Table, Dealers Table and the Suppliers table. The form created from the Purchases Table would store Fields such as the Dealers ID, Item Required, item Code, price, Discount Allowed, Date Of purchase, Quantity. The Form created from the Suppliers table would contain fields such as Suppliers Id, Name, Quantity, Item Name, Address and Contact Number. The form created from the Dealers Table would store information such as Dealers Id, Name, Address, Contact Number and Email. A sub from would be created so that the user can update the Dealers Table and the Purchases Table simultaneously. Switchboard Manager The Switchboard Manager is a user interface to access the different options available for example repots, queries and forms. It is easier to search for any option. It is very convenient as you can view the queries, forms and reports quickly. The purpose of a Switchboard Manager is to make-work Funer and to save time. The switchboard Manager would benefit my company, as it would save a lot of time. Reports would be generated from the Employees form, Dealers Table, Stock table. In the Employees Report the data would be classified, as the Employees Id would be in ascending order and the Employees Name would be in Alphabetical order. The Data in the Dealers Form would be classified as the Dealers Id would be in ascending order and the Dealers Name would be in Alphabetical Order. The data in the Stock Table would be tabulated, as the Item Code would be in ascending order and the Suppliers Name and Item Name would be in Alphabetical Order. Graphs and charts can be generated from the data provided in the table. This makes the data more presentable. Graphs could be implemented for more clarity of data. Queries would be originated from the Dealers Form, Item Table and Purchases form. These queries would sort the data in alphabetical order in an organized manner. Queries are used to display certain information on tables depending upon a certain criteria specified. Command Buttons would also be implemented for each of the forms. The command Buttons would be: PRINT ADD NEW RECORD Go TO NEXT FORM DELETE EXIT Some of this data would be screen-based such as the employee information. But other data such as the Dealers Form and the stock reports could be printed out for convenience. The user could do this by applying the print feature in MS ACCESS. Mail Merge This feature will require the need of Microsoft Word. In Word we will first go to the Mail Merge Feature in the Tools Menu. This is very simple, to carry out Mail Merge by opening an existing Data Source in Word. The only difference is that when the Open dialogue appears I will change the File Type to Microsoft Access Database. The Mail Merge Feature helps to print out a vast majority of letters. For example the company if wants to print out notices to the dealers if closed on a weekday etc. it may use the help of the Mail Merge Feature. All this data would need backup and security. The different possible backups would be storing data on floppies on weekly bases and monthly on CDs. Storing data on CDs would be more appropriate for databases. Data would be stored on floppies as its a cheap medium. The Security Strategies would be password protected files and a power on password. Security Strategies would also include Anti hacking programs, which would be prevent files from being hacked. The Anti Virus Program would protect the data from any virus. Read-only passwords could be put on certain files so that a person would be able to view the file but wont be able to make any changes to it. Interview An Interview was conducted with John Ibrahim, the manager of The Fun Drive Company. Q. What is your job description? Ans. My job requires a lot of attention. There is a lot of paper work to do. I have to make sure there is enough staff to satisfy dealers requirements. I have to see whether my company stands out in terms of quality. Q. How is information Received? Ans. I receive information about all the dealers from the questionnaires handed to them at the beginning of the transaction. I also receive information by conducting a general survey every 2 months. Through these surveys we find out the status of the company in the market and the level of customer satisfaction and popularity. Q. What accounts do you prepare? Ans. A Trading And Profit And Loss Account is prepared and also a Balance Sheet is prepared. These Accounts are primed in order to find out the profit of the company. Q. What outputs are generated and where are they stored? Ans. Reports are generated from the data stored on the stock, dealers and employees files. These reports are then stored in cabinets. The Dealers report is generated from the Dealers File and it contains the Dealers personal information. The Stock Report is originated from the Stock File and it contains detailed information about the products in stock. The Employees Report is procreated from the Employees File and it contains meticulous information about the employees salary, wage rate, hours worked etc. Q. What are the problems encountered? Ans. The data entered might not be accurate. Its time consuming and the reports generated may not be clear and professional.

The effects of fast food

The effects of fast food The effects of fast food Abstract Focused a growing body of research on the reasons for the existence of a relationship of risk of obesity and health problems among children nationally and globally. Has been examining a number of factors and circumstances to determine their contribution to childhood obesity and health problems associated with it genetic factors, physical activity, and family factors, and diet including the role of junk food. Research also suggests that low-income and minority children have higher rates of obesity and health problems of their fellow whites. This presentation focuses on the perspective of African-American marketing junk food to children and adolescents, where we conducted focus groups for marketing junk food to children and adolescents. Introduction Everyone knows that fast food contributes to obesity, but what are the effects of other nutrients do not be quick on your health? Of course, the answer depends on what kind of snacks you eat, although there are some common elements in almost all fast food. This is one of sodium. Why buy more fast food and soda, and add lots of salt. The problem is that it tends to salt causes high blood pressure, which is usually not a good thing, because this can cause some of the plague that had accumulated in the arteries or veins of the Special package, which can then travel to your heart or brain causing heart attacks or strokes . Another common ingredient in junk food and sugar, which is not only in beverages, desserts, French fries, but also because is sprayed on to make them crispy when fried. Sugar in itself is not a bad thing, but does not speed up the metabolism for a moment that can make you feel warm. Also, if you do not do something to burn excess energy that is converted many of them into glucose, which feeds the fat cells, causing them to get bigger, which means that the weight gain. Even a lot of fast food fried, which makes food taste good, but add a lot of calories in the diet, which can affect life. Furthermore, it is because a lot of frying oils by the cholesterol puts you at risk of heart attack and stroke and the proportion of cholesterol, which becomes a plague, and winds up to attack inside the veins and arteries. The problem is more serious if the food was fried, which fell in the dough mixture into the contract because more than fat, which means more fat and cholesterol. The same applies to the fried meat, like hamburgers. More drinks offered at fast food restaurants even caffeine, which causes them in your metabolism to speed up a bit , which may or may not be a good thing, depending on whether the person has an interest, and when. On the effects of fast food The case was a public relations disaster for McDonalds. The more McDonalds tried to do, and revealed the worst. Until the mock trial still requires a certain respect for the truth and the truth of this study is able to circumvent the censorship of the media, thanks to the usual potential for the democratization of the Internet. Such as a flood of information flowing from the erosion of people with the versatility of the company, Whats wrong with McDonalds, as it could be a few hundred of the eyes, and before it was burning in an endless stream of protest literature ignored, are now known to millions. McDonalds spends $ 1800000000 a year for different types of public relations, and is one of the biggest names in the business world, in recent times in the first place, for example, of the brands advertised to appear on television in prime time in the United States. For the sale of a commodity for large numbers of people in the brutal conditions of competition, it must be public immediately recognize his name and associate it with something of value. The McDonalds official break the Olympic Games 1996, has the franchise in 1998 and the Olympic Games 2000 in prison, too, and signed an agreement for a period of ten years with the Foundation for Walt Disney to become the global marketing of the first partner of the fast food titan of mass culture. For some time been the darling of the camera. In the past year, for example, New York Sunday Times Magazine waxed passionate about restoring the basic values ​​of the company manufacturing fade: In this country, which is consid ered widely as the production lost its way, wrote Stephen Drucker, McDonalds hamburger is a production company that Impala, left once in the assembly line for General Motors. Deserves no less attention to detail in marketing: Encouraging children to stay at home over the past decade, McDonalds has built stadiums that are often cleaner, safer and play areas best kept in the local community; 40. Per cent of the Restaurants of America for the company have now. With this announcement and Budget billion dollars, The majority of children learn about the golden arches and Ronald McDonald for two years. Its paradise regular: Only in the area of ​​the golden arches do not come with life insurance: everything will be safe and cheap , cheerful and reassuring, familiar and incredibly this is the Disneyland of food, the land of permanent adolescent fun, one. those happy, carefree world of business, which is always built on the basis of full control and is not visible. This is also what is being sought from the highest value of the dollar on public relations. McLibel up came along, people must believe that McDonalds lived a life of charm. When it is mentioned steel and Morris, McDonalds hopes to bury under a mountain of conflicting data. Instead, it has the form of excruciating detail the required certificate from the McLibel in a coherent picture of a single company in history: industrialization before eating. McDonalds does not produce simply hamburger, but it must also produce a desire to burgers, and all types of food suitable for its purpose, which is to produce meals lowest price possible and sell them to people as possible in the shortest time possible, and thus compensate for the lower profit margin for each meal, with quantum multitude of food. Fast food is short for this new type of industry. In summary, with the division of artificial, but useful perhaps the band: 1. Direct effects on ecosystems, non-human Focused a large part of this process on the effects of the production of beef on the rainforest, and suffering of animals slaughtered for hamburgers and chicken McNuggets. With regard to deforestation, and insists that McDonalds uses only beef from North America and Europe (mainly UK) sources. However, things are not as simple as that, first, because of 330 points of sale of beef from Brazil, and the use of land, some of which were authorized by the rainforest, second, because beef and Brazilian Costa Rica produced from these lands and made sometimes its way North, and finally and most importantly , because the global consumption of beef can only lead to a significant increase to the extent that McDonalds has its own way, especially with regard to new invaded the Asian market. Higher sales of hamburger can only lead to increased pressure to remove the global forest all over the world, but this can be distributed. And the worlds largest user of beef and the second largest user of Chicken, McDonalds and most of the responsibility for what is wrong in raising and slaughtering these animals. There is a heavy burden associated with killing and eating other creatures that have a spiritual ritual for centuries. There are manufacturing slaughter, in which the body becomes a simple article to be converted into cash. This removes any reciprocity between hunter and prey, and dissolves all the spiritual senses in cash. While accelerating the process with fast food, and increases the unbridled cruelty as well. Thus, It is estimated that no less than 12000 cattle slaughtered for McDonalds restaurants in the UK each year to be incomplete numbing, conscious that time and even death, while chicken egg production should live their entire lives confined to cages battery about 7 of 10 inches in size , According to the testimony of the company. Apparently planned to turn into a McDonalds egg, but gave up after l earning that battery eggs are 50 percent less than that. 2. A direct impact on the human body The main problems that have to do with safety and nutritional value of foods that are not transmitted with the success of McDonalds relentless. The companys image haunted his work really cut here given the widespread belief that these companies sell junk food, a choice of words is reasonable in view of the fact that nutrition experts almost universally agree that the type of food sold by McDonalds is bad for you. With 28 grams of fat, including saturated 12.6 in Big Mac and 22 grams is more than French fries, along with 52 food additives used in their various products, it is hardly surprising that an internal memo the company does-General: I do not we can really address or defend Nutrition does not sell nutrition and people do not come to McDonalds for nutrition .. When the companys experts, cancer, Dr. Sydney Arnott, was asked for his opinion, the statement that associated with a diet rich in fat, sugar and animal products and salt and low in fiber, vitamins and minerals with brea st cancer and bowel disease and heart, he replied: If you directly to the public, so I think its very reasonable to say The implications of the McDiet to certain diseases are suggestive, even if questionable. But there can be no doubt that as the spearhead of McDonalds fast food industry, and the primary focus is to transfer more of the molecules in the body collectively. What happens to these particles, ingested once does not mean at all. However, since we still live under the law of conservation of matter, life is increasingly unstable since for many, and can be a block of meat that has fat and sugar in McDiet only increase. Since the fast food industry is growing, and then, people have to weight gain. Obviously, you can not blame McDonalds for all the fat transferred to the meat group. As it is quite clear, and it embodies the process, Marion Nestle, head of studies of nutrition and food in New York University, calls the nightmare of nutrition . We continue to believe the amount of fat and trans fats in the American diet go up. We expect to see the direction of increased body weight as well. In fact, the weight of the body of the citizens of the United States, after holding steady in the years 1960 and 1970, to begin to rise in 1980, at the same time that McDonalds began a large expansion. Now, in 1990, a campaign to improve the nutrition that accompanied the first wave of environmental awareness seems to be stalled. We have abandoned the McDonalds hamburger in a low-fat McLean Deluxe, and, along with many other food shops, pays Super Size portions. The overall increase is concentrated in the fat on the poor, especially the poor and the colors used for meals and austerity relatively healthy, while the rich white bread consumed, and the ribs. Today, however, the tabouli and absorbs the rich eat the poor Big Mac To a large extent, these trends are growing crops in all parts of the world, especially in Asia, and the current global economic dynamo. Since McDonalds first planted its flag in Hong Kong, 25 of the first 50 points of sale all over the world there, and the average weight of local teenager by 13 percent, and ages of girls in menstruation and decreased to 12, compared with 17 in mainland China. Hong Kong is now the second highest level of cholesterol baby in the world, after Finland. At the same time, in the 25 years since McDonalds entered Japan, the balance of control 2000.60 percent of the market of meat and fat consumption per capita has tripled. With 10000 and the means of planning for Japan and China before the looming as the biggest market of all, its no wonder Warren Buffett, the worlds largest investor, has contributed 1.3 billion U.S. dollars from McDonalds. With regard to food safety, violations and various states of bacterial infection have been documented in this process. We do not need these details here, just note that if there was any substance to the widespread fears of mad cow disease and its spread to humans on behalf of the syndrome Creutzfeldt-Jakob (resulting from the policies of Thatchers market liberalization to allow the feeding offal from sheep to feed the cows that feed on people), then this is emerging as a legacy of McDonalds at least remember. 3. Impact on the work McDonalds labor practices, unfortunately, leave much to be desired. Saw dozens of former workers to defend the case McLibel wages and conditions are bad, while the trade unionists from all over the world have demonstrated their experience organizing in the face of McDonalds hostility to the work of the organization. McDonalds has admitted that he paid part of the staff in the UK without the legal minimum and that the staff will not allow them to carry out any overt union activity in the local McDonalds, on pain of firing. A survey of companies, restaurants secret in the UK and retail prices for the industry wage in 1992 that rates of the staff of McDonalds hours were 25 percent less than the rates of sales per hour: Some results of the certificate Retail and restaurant staff in 1993, and reached the sales team in the Kingdom United States of up to 120-150 percent, and analysis of official documents for the work of Bath, United Kingdom, shop for the year 1994 and showed hundreds of violations of labor standards and corporate policies in each month for rest periods, has described the character of the United Kingdom McDonalds always busy 40 percent of customers in a company-sponsored survey, approximately 25 percent of McDonalds time overtime for staff working in the UK to pay more than that, despite this being against company policy. These employees are relatively fortunate. Founded at least it does not work only for the Alliance of Disney McDonalds in Vietnam, where women 17 years of hard 9 to 10 hours a day, 7 days a week, earn less than 6 cents an hour as they do promotional gifts, games, many of which are Disney characters, to address McDonalds Happy Meal. (Thats right. $ 4.20 for the work week from 70 hours) in February, 200 workers fell ill, 25 collapsed were taken to hospital and three due to exposure to chemicals. However, their sacrifices are not all in vain. According to Vice President of McDonalds, Brad Ball, and happy characters and meals of 101 Dalmatians and the most successful film in the history of McDonalds. Ball added: As we embark on the new global alliance, and we expect great ten years of family fun, as unmatched customers enjoy Disney magic only at McDonalds. 4. Impacts on society Increasingly, the Foundation has the ability to impose himself directly to the company. When a company is in the way of McProgress, and presentations on the strength of the market and large number of workers or consumers, can be erased. In Mato Grosso do Sul, for example, the state that provide a large proportion of beef to stores Brazilian McDonalds, and the indigenous Guarani who once used 40 percent of the land is now left with less than 1 percent, and farms of cattle that have been taken plenty of rest. Effects are less serious, but widespread on an equal footing in the capital, where abound the markets. Note the peace and the media, and in March 1997, for example, joined the police Detroit Department in Washington, DC, and open 30 centers for the police community working at the ports of McDonalds, that this would and encouraged the police to eat McDonalds, even when the condition that the security services. But the transit company is leading the activities of the mind of the child. Beginning with McBaby to wear a sign that you can buy babies in places like Wal-Mart, McDonalds is sparing no effort to imprint itself on the company of children. Is in the spirit of the next formal step for the company and guide covert operations: Ronald McDonald loves food and McDonalds, and children, because they love Ronald Remember, children exercise a huge impact when it comes to the selection of this restaurant means that you should make every possible effort to appeal to the love of children an d Ronald McDonald. Finally, the direct pollution to the community through litter contrasts with the companys efforts to promote the same capitalist Super Green unique. Claims to be committed to McDonalds to cut 50 per cent of the volume of waste in addition to being the largest user of recycled paper in the field of food services. It boasts of being the first company to enter the trash patrol in the United Kingdom, as well as a range of other initiatives developed by the high-level environmental services. Unfortunately, the demands of accumulation in the high-volume, low cost of labor, industry and the rapid turnover in contrast to the green to the world. The Professor Graham Ashworth (Group General Manager salary Britain sponsored by McDonalds) to testify that McDonalds was the highest or 2 percent of all the companies products and eventually the garbage, and it is estimated that on any given day in the United Kingdom, the company vomiting 7.9 million items, such as take-away to end up on the road, p ointing to about 50 per cent to at least 140 Â £ of packaging waste per day produced by the average restaurant. When multiplied by the number of stores in the world, and garbage in the house the equivalent of more than 1 billion pounds of waste per year. The year of the Executive to think McDonalds UK in response to a question about the problems associated with waste disposal, this would be a problem at all, and that I do not see [the dumping of waste] to be an advantage, otherwise you end up with a lot of, drilling and extensive free gravel in all throughout the country. Conclusion In todays age of convenience, fast food does not need to be defined. Everyone from a boy at the age of 2 years, and grandfather of 60, seems to be able to enjoy all their possessions. And why not? Its delicious, and filling, its really cheap, and readily available at any time of day, being the only vehicle through a phone call. What more could you ask for when you live life in the fast lane? Well, a lot a taste of fast food is all fine except that it is not nutritionally balanced, and therefore long-term health, if consumed on a regular basis. Fast food is loaded with calories from fat and refined sugar (in particular, to fill the arteries of saturated fats and hydrogenated, which is often heated to high temperatures for frying). Its also very rich in sodium from common salt and other additives. And, above all, fast food is a lack of fiber and essential micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Adding insult to injury, is usually swallowed heaps of junk food down with a gallon of sugar-sweetened cola the fast-food restaurants with many of the free food as an incentive. Do not use short, all this leads to the accumulation of empty calories in the body that fat is stored in the body and until one day you look in the mirror and realize that has been replaced by your figure of this great creature in the mirror. But its not the end of history, is just the beginning a long time also a lot of fast food, it is not just a boy in a beautiful man obese ugly, but, as Eric Schlosser points out in his book Enable JavaScript to view this content page correctly and a major health hazard too.

Adolf Hitler Rise To Power History Essay

Adolf Hitler Rise To Power History Essay During the 20th century, the Germans faced a terrible economic depression during which time the people lost trust in their government, and taking advantage of this opportunity, Hitler rose to power. The Treaty of Versailles, established post World War I, led Germany to humiliation. They lost their land, military, respect, and a say in world affairs. Germany became isolated, and to the German people, Hitler was their ultimate savior. In a matter of years, Hitler quickly rose to power and boosted the economy. He had satisfied Germany, in the early years, and came to power in a legal manner. Along with the rest of Germany, Adolf Hitler was depressed after World War I due to the loss and the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler, still enlisted in the German military, was assigned undercover duty as an agent. His main task involved finding out who were Marxists, and on September 12, 1919, he investigated them at a hall in Munich, Sterneckerbrau, where a meeting took place. During the meeting, he gave an emotional speech that mesmerized his audience, and as a result, he was asked to join the German Workers Party, to which he accepted. Abandoning his undercover spy mission, he became enthusiastic about the group and came to be highly involved with their activities. In addition, he placed ads for rallies and public meetings in anti-Semitic newspapers. Soon enough, the German Workers Party was changed to National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI). For the partys platform, Hitler created the twenty-five points that involved nullifying the Treaty of Versailles, rev oking civil rights for Jews, confiscating war profits, and seizing land by decision of state. In addition, the Swastika (à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ) was adopted as the partys symbol. Hitler hoped that the party would allow him to gain national recognition as well as a respectable politician that the German people would favor. In addition, the party allowed Hitler to use Storm Troopers or Brown Shirts and this would help him gain support from the people. Deploying the Storm Troopers in rallies impressed the German people by raising nationalism. These Storm Troopers would be present in parades all across the country and during election rallies that would significantly influenced the vote of many. CITATION In addition, thousands would join the party because they were victims of hyperinflation and blamed the Jews for economic troubles. Joining the party would show that they supported Hitler and wanted serious changes in Germany, starting with the Jews. On November 8, 1923, Hitler held a rally at a beer hall in Munich, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, to declare a revolution, and he led over two-thousand men to overthrow the Bavarian Government. The men all wore Brown Shirts to emphasize how much they supported Hitler and his beliefs to make Germany better. CITATION However, the rally resulted as a disaster and Hitler was charged with treason. He was taken to trial, which he used to his advantage by promoting the Nazi platform, and he gained popularity. He was ruled guilty by the court and sentenced to prison for five years, however, he had only served nine months due to a recommendation from the governor of Landsberg who stated that his behavior conduct in prison was satisfactory. During the short time in prison, Hitler wrote the book, Mein Kampf, which made him rich by selling five million copies when published in 1927. The book spoke about his life and the future of Germany, which viciously attacked Jews as the root of Germanys problems. The Jews were attacked so much because they were believed to have caused economic inflation, political instability, unemployment, and humiliation from World War I. CITATION The book also discussed how Germans were superior, the need to take Russia, failures of Communism and Democracy, and the Fuhrer principal. Mein Kampf stated, The Jews ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest people as well as the domination of his mishmash through the extirpation of the folkish intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people. CITATION By this statement, Hitler wanted to keep the German bloodline pure, and by this, he did not want intermarriage between Jews and Germans. The perfect Germans was known as Aryans, who were blond haired and blue eyed. Hitler marked Jews as enemies of Germany, along with Slavs, and labeled the Jews as an anti-race that would only harm the German people and destroy Germany as a whole because they were invading Germany. By invading Germany, Hitler believed they were stealing all business from the German people and started controlling Germany politically. After Hitler was released from prison, he no longer wanted to take power by force but in a legal constitutional manner. He knew how to speak to the German people because his oratory skills were spectacular. Therefore, he spoke to large audiences mainly addressing issues with Jews and Communism. He wanted to create the Third Reich, and wanted it to last one-thousand years. The Nazi party became powerful as wealthy industrialists supported Hitler due to economic circumstances. Hitler received support from Erhard Milch, Alfred Hugenberg, Fritz Tyssen, and Emil Kidorf. Hitler would use Erhard Milch to his advantage by chartering an aircraft from him to go around the country in hopes for political success. In April of 1932, Heinrich Bruening, Chancellor of Germany, banned the storm troopers in Germany to end the Nazi regime. The Nazis were outraged and wanted Hitler to fight the ban. However, on May 8, 1932, General Kurt von Schleicher held a secret meeting with Hitler to make an agreement to lift the ban. In addition to lifting the ban, the current government of Germany would fall, new elections would be called, and Chancellor Bruening would have no political value. In return, Hitler would support Schleicher in a conservative nationalist government. Soon everything went to play and Chancellor Bruening was labeled The Hunger Chancellor because of the economy and the unemployment rate of six million Germans. CITATION He looked like a Marxist by his estate proposals on dividing land to peasants, and eventually he resigned on May 29, 1932. Franz von Papen became Schleichers puppet and promoted him with the aid of President Hindenburg to become Chancellor of Germany. Hitler supported Papen and the ban on the Nazis was lifted as promised by Schleicher. The Nazis went on an all-out rampage across the country singing songs and causing fights with Communists. CITATION Papen was unable to form any coalition in Germany, and was forced to resign from his position. Schleicher believed that this was the right decision and a new Chancellor should be appointed. Hitler asked President Hindenburg to be Chancellor of Germany on many occasions and he always replied with rejection to Hitlers request because of the terrorizing behaviors of the Brown Shirts. Whenever President Hindenburg asked Hitler to cooperate with other parties, Hitler always replied with the same answer President Hindenburg gave him, no. Businesses and wealthy industrialists sent a petition to President Hindenburg to ask him to make Hitler Chancellor of Germany because it would be good for business. President Hindenburg did not know what to do, but he appointed Schleicher as Chancellor because he believed he could make the Nazis fall apart. Schleicher held secret meetings with a Nazi named Gregor Strasser, who was with Hitler since the beginning of the party. Schleicher offered Strasser the status Vice-Chancellor and control of Prussia, which was an appealing offer. However, Papen told Hitler all about this and was devastated. Hitler even became depressed and threatened to sh oot himself because Strasser resigned as a Nazi and went off to vacation in Italy. Schleicher became furious and wanted to declare a state of emergency to control the Nazis, and President Hindenburg rejected that proposal. Soon Schleicher would resign because he and President Hindenburg could no longer get along or make decisions together. President Hindenburg even heard rumors that Schleicher was going to arrest him for some sort of treachery, and after that, he never talked to Schleicher again. CITATION The Nazi party gained eighteen percent of the popular vote in the 1930 elections, and Hitler ran for President in 1932. He won thirty percent of the vote, which forced his competitor, Paul von Hindenburg, into a runoff election where a political deal was made. In this deal, Hitler could be chancellor of Germany in exchange of him supporting Hindenburg politically. Hitler agreed and was officially appointed to office in January 1933 as Chancellor of Germany. For a short time in 1932, the people believed that Hitlers rise to power would fail due to the number of seats in the Reichstag that decreased from two-hundred thirty seats to one-hundred and ninety-six seats between July 1932 and November 1932. However, President Hindenburg believed that the Nazi party could come to power and he did that by making Hitler Chancellor of Germany. Hitlers first act was to call for a new election, and to his advantage, the Reichstag building was burned exactly a week before elections took place. Hitle r publicized that Communists were to blame for this action and he persuaded President Hindenburg to sign a decree that gave power to the Nazis to jail all political opponents that could have been responsible for the attack on their parliament. He used this as an excuse to limit all civil liberties and the Enabling Act was passed to give him more power. President Hindenburg died on August 2, 1934 in his Prussian Estate, and Hitler was to be his successor. After taking the power of Hindenburg, Hitler made himself a dictator and eliminated all opposing parties and government institutions. Hitler named himself Fuhrer instead of President and gained huge appeal from the German people because he seemed as a World War I hero who would bring glory back to the country. After Schleicher resigned from his position as Chancellor of Germany, it only took Hitler fifty-seven days to rise to complete power in Germany. Hitler had successfully risen to power in Germany, and soon he would use the Mein Kampf as an outline for the German people. The economy was succeeding due to the industries prepping for war. Anyone against him was either sent to prison or executed because Hitler made sure that there were no faults to his plan. Hitler wanted to take all actions necessary in order to make Germany prosper, gain world recognition, take revenge from World War I, and please the German people. Hitler had successfully convinced the German people that Germany would regain its glory, and soon Hitler started prepping for treacherous tasks, world domination, and complete annihilation of the Jewish population.

Essay --

The Black woman and her unique life experience have long since been neglected by mainstream media, historical accounts of events, and law makers just to name a few. For example, David Baker’s â€Å"Female Lynchings in the United States: Amending the Historical Record† emphasizes the carelessness and, as a result, inaccuracies of accounts taken of female lynchings from the early 1800s to the mid 1900s. The discrepancies, disorder, and missing information in the accounts Baker pulled from were all reminders of the frequency in which disrespect and disregard for Black Women and their experiences occurred. In modern day America, the Black woman’s experience is still lacking in the media. A prime example of the lack of presence of Black Women’s issues in the media is in Michelle Alexander’s â€Å"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.† The book discusses mass incarceration as the new way in which Blacks are systematical ly controlled in America. Alexander makes a convincing argument that through colorblind racism, the criminal justice system as a whole strives to methodically control Black men. What Alexander, like so many other authors of critical race theory, fails to mention, is the ways in which Black women are systematically oppressed throughout the criminal justice system. Along with bearing the brunt of stigmatization, Black incarcerated women also often find themselves facing health problems that stem from life circumstances—some that also are racially influenced—outside prison-life, but are magnified once they are incarcerated. The reason Black incarcerated women’s health becomes more pressing during this period, other than the fact that they do not have their freedom, is that there is a large flaw in the way... ...s incarceration, this is referred to as the "conspiracy of silence" (Miller, pg. 133). The child may not want to openly discuss where their mother has gone. The child may also evoke develop negative social traits because of their inability to talk about their incarcerated mothers, which can potentially widen the gap between them and their incarcerated mother. We can all recognize the importance of children being able to spend a certain amount of time with their mothers, but in prison that time is often cut short or non-existent which hinders the relationship between the mother and child. Some states are unwilling to provide children's visitation at their correctional facilities, and as a result the child becomes a victim of the criminal process. The child is paying for the crime that their mother committed by not being able to spend enough quality time with them. Essay -- The Black woman and her unique life experience have long since been neglected by mainstream media, historical accounts of events, and law makers just to name a few. For example, David Baker’s â€Å"Female Lynchings in the United States: Amending the Historical Record† emphasizes the carelessness and, as a result, inaccuracies of accounts taken of female lynchings from the early 1800s to the mid 1900s. The discrepancies, disorder, and missing information in the accounts Baker pulled from were all reminders of the frequency in which disrespect and disregard for Black Women and their experiences occurred. In modern day America, the Black woman’s experience is still lacking in the media. A prime example of the lack of presence of Black Women’s issues in the media is in Michelle Alexander’s â€Å"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.† The book discusses mass incarceration as the new way in which Blacks are systematical ly controlled in America. Alexander makes a convincing argument that through colorblind racism, the criminal justice system as a whole strives to methodically control Black men. What Alexander, like so many other authors of critical race theory, fails to mention, is the ways in which Black women are systematically oppressed throughout the criminal justice system. Along with bearing the brunt of stigmatization, Black incarcerated women also often find themselves facing health problems that stem from life circumstances—some that also are racially influenced—outside prison-life, but are magnified once they are incarcerated. The reason Black incarcerated women’s health becomes more pressing during this period, other than the fact that they do not have their freedom, is that there is a large flaw in the way... ...s incarceration, this is referred to as the "conspiracy of silence" (Miller, pg. 133). The child may not want to openly discuss where their mother has gone. The child may also evoke develop negative social traits because of their inability to talk about their incarcerated mothers, which can potentially widen the gap between them and their incarcerated mother. We can all recognize the importance of children being able to spend a certain amount of time with their mothers, but in prison that time is often cut short or non-existent which hinders the relationship between the mother and child. Some states are unwilling to provide children's visitation at their correctional facilities, and as a result the child becomes a victim of the criminal process. The child is paying for the crime that their mother committed by not being able to spend enough quality time with them.

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

CATCHER IN THE RYE The book, Catcher in the Rye, has been steeped in controversy since it was banned in America after its first publication. John Lennon’s assassin Mark Chapman, asked the former Beatle to sign a copy of the book earlier in the morning of the day he murdered Lennon. Police found the book in his possession upon apprehending the psychologically disturbed Chapman. However, the book itself contains nothing that might have lead Chapman to act as he did. It could have been just any book that he was reading the day he decided to kill John Lennon and as a result, it was the Catcher in the Rye, a book describing a nervous breakdown, that caused the media to speculate widely about the possible connection. This gave the book even more recognition. The character Holden Caulfield ponders the thoughts of death, accuses ordinary people of being phonies, and expresses his love for his sister through out the novel. So what is the book Catcher in the Rye really about? Superficially the story of a young man getting expelled from another school, the Catcher in the Rye is, in fact, a perceptive study of one individual’s understanding of his human condition. Holden Caulfield, a teenager growing up in 1950’s, New York, has been expelled from school for poor achievement once again. In an attempt to deal with this he leaves school a few days prior to the end of term, and goes to New York to take a vacation before returning to his parents’ inevitable irritation. Told as a monologue, the book describe Holden’s thoughts and activities over these few days, during which he describes a developing nervous breakdown. This was evident by his bouts of unexplained depression, impetuous spending and generally odd, erratic behavior, prior to his eventual nervous collapse. Some critics have argued that Holden’s character is erratic and unreliable, as he has many of the middle-class values that he claims to reject. Later on critics began to have praised the twisted humor of the main character. These critics have commented that the structure of the novel helps you understand Holden’s unstable state of mind. Alastair best remarked: "There is a hard, almost classical structure underneath Holden’s rambling narrativ. The style, too, appears effortless; yet one wonders how much labor went into those artfully rough-hewn sentences" (qtd. in Davis 318) A large field of critics took a positive view of the novel.

Motorcycle helmet law essay Essay

Michigan Motorcycle helmet lawHello, I am here today to talk to you about the Michigan Motorcycle Helmet Law. -This law permits anyone that is 21 years of age or older that has at least 20,000 dollars in heath insurance and has passed a safety course in the past 2 years to ride a motorcycle without a helmet. I am also here to persuade you that this law doesn’t have a person’s safety as the top priority. Just recently I have witnessed a motorcycle crash happen right before my eyes. My stepmother was taking a turn at only 30 mph when she locked up her breaks and crashed over the handle bars. She has been in the hospital for a little over two weeks and it is a miracle that she is in the condition that she is in, recovering from a skull fracture and bruising on the brain, She has been riding for twelve years, no other vehicles were involved, and she was wearing a helmet, if she was not wearing her helmet, I know that we wouldn’t have her with us anymore. We were hoping she would be home for the forth of July, but the medical staff still haven’t given us a go home date as of today. Studies from the National Highway administration in 2008 showed that motorcyclists who do not use helmets are three times more likely to suffer a disturbing brain injury in a crash than those who are wearing helmets. The regulations to this law are also very insufficient. 21 years of age is when adults are just allowed to start drinking. Many people that turn 21 haven’t quite learned yet how to handle alcohol or how much is too much when it comes to drinking and driving, or in this case drinking and riding. Also 20,000 dollars worth of health insurance is not nearly enough to cover medical bills caused by accidents with a helmet, let alone to be able to cover the costs of the injuries sustained without a helmet, I can’t help but think this is going to raise everyone’s insurance premiums eventually. Even if you still think not wearing a helmet is cool, take a minute to think of this, the only way for over worked understaffed police have to check if you have the proper health insurance coverage is to pull you over, this gives the police probable cause, which in turn takes up your time and the cops time. With this law in effect, death rates and injury rates have skyrocketed up to a new high. The Michigan helmet law is more about ‘freedom’ than about safety. If you want to feel the wind in your hair stand in front of a fan. If you want to get home safe wear a helmet. All in all the Michigan Motorcycle Helmet Law has caused far more bad than good. In the end, I hope that what I have told you today will persuade you to tell a friend, family member, stranger, or even to tell yourself that it is far safer to wear a helmet, than it is to go without one. Please think twice before you decide to ride without a helmet. Guarino, M. (2012, April 13). Retrieved from http://www. csmonitor. com/USA/Politics/2012/0413/Look-ma-no-helmet! -Michigan-repeals-helmet-law.

The Folly of Rewarding a While Hoping for B

The Folly Of rewarding A, While Hoping for B Case Study Overview: In this case analysis we shall be examining the unintended contradictory results that reward systems bring about and recommendations in solving the issues highlighted Problem Statement: Many Problems in Organizations are created because of Faulty Incentives and Flawed reward systems that are setup to accomplish one thing but actually does the opposite. â€Å"While Mangers complain about lack of motivation in their workers, they might as well consider the possibility that the reward systems they’ve installed are paying off for the opposite†.Directly linked to these Faulty Incentive and Flawed Systems are key issues with 1) Employee Motivation, 2) Reward Systems, 3) Expectation/Misaligned Perception and 4) Biasness in Decision making that are deeply rooted as a causative agent in the Flawed system Hypothesis 1)Misaligned Perception/Expectation: Process Perspective: A look at Equity theory and Expectancy The ory in understanding the expected outcome perceived by employee as related to behavioral attitude towards rewards systems )Employee Motivation which is dependent on the effectiveness of its reward system: As pointed out by MASLOW HIERACHY OF NEEDS and HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR theory of Motivation highlight the effect of rewards both tangible and intangible on behavior 3) Weak or Poor decision Making: As shown by biasness of the community in electing Public service official, even in the face of the right option for endorsement/election 4) Poor performance and attitudes In Most Companies is caused by its reward systems, not the workforce.Analysis: As Pointed out by Expectancy theory that People make choices about behavior based on their expectation of what is likely to happen in terms of effort leading to performance and performance leading to desired reward. On the other hand Equity Theory Points out that those Perceptions about reward systems matter. From Equity Theory, if the R atio of someone’s outcome/input is equal to someone else’s ratio, equity exists.But if not, inequity exists and the theory suggests that People are motivated to reduce their Contribution in some way According to Equity theory, outcomes from a Job include pay, recognition, promotions, social relationships and intrinsic rewards. To get these rewards, the individual makes inputs to the job such as time, effort, experience e. t. c and compares it to someone else’s ratio of contribution. Thus the Individual behavior is affected by his or her Perception than the actual reality.In Sports, An underpaid Basketballer will be discouraged in developing teamwork skill. in order to make up for any inadequacies, Expecting that Scoring will Increase his or her earnings at the detriment of the team success. Similarly, if this player perceives that future rewards might be compromised; such player will reduce his or her commitment in response to his feeling of inequity towards the Team success. Thus it is discovered that people take into account Equity and expectation about future rewards in their choice of behavior.Taking a look further points out that Many rewards systems discourage desired behaviors’ while rewarding the very action that causes problems. Managers obviously design reward systems to motivate people to behave in certain ways, yet reward systems do not always produce the expected results. For example: In World War II troops were committed for the duration unless killed or invalided. They had a strong motivation to hasten the end of the war. Allied troops in the Vietnam War had a tour of a year or less. Their self interest was not tied to the end of the war.While their governments wanted them to focus on winning the war, their rewards were linked to looking after themselves. Not to their opponents. They were there for the duration. Evidence of a Reward System which encourages Contrary behavior can also be traced to the Health Industry . Looking at a health System where Patients bear little or no cost, we shouldn’t be surprised when doctors over test and over treat illness, and nothing is done to curtail this action, because the Patients have no incentive to resist the doctors’ actions.For doctors there may be some direct financial gain from over servicing. More important though is the possible costs and professional damage from malpractice suits. Over servicing diminishes the chance of facing such suits, or losing them if they occur. 3) Evidence of how a poor decision making Process has stereotyped and created a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation is seen in Politics. This is a state of being BIAS Most of us want honest politicians who tell us clearly what they will do in office, then stick to that once elected.The actual reality is that politicians don’t behave that way, yet they get elected by our vote and we sustain this reward system. Also, we expect ou r public service to do the best it can with the community resources available to it. Yet there is usually great mismanagement in the public sector, Yet nobody act to resolve this issue or call the minister to order because it will harm the government’s standing and may cost it votes. This portrays a consequence of a community supported reward system unavoidably biased against good public sector management. )Financial incentives are designed to provide direct motivation – do this and you will get that while at the same time can spell doom. For Example giving a Psychiatrist a higher payment for condemning someone to be incapacitated at the expense of an individual being competent, the psychiatrist can be motivated by the higher pay. This Financial reward can therefore serve as a tangible form of motivation 4) Since some people expect that a certain level of effort will lead to certain levels and types of performance.In turn, people develop expectations that a given level and type of performance will be rewarded or punished Recommendations: Since Organization design are changing in response to a changing world, it is thus imperative to look at an alternative way of reward system, one that benefits all and eliminate the problem introduced by the traditional, conventional approach to reward system. While I Write that there is no one cap fits all solution, also interesting is how the recommendations from each case study analysis somehow tend to be applicable to other case study analysis treated earlier in the classAn effectively planned and administered reward system can improve motivation and performance. 1) Starting from the Issues Introduced by the Expectancy perspective and equity Perspective. An Effective manager can help his or her Organization to understand both equity issues and expectancies. This might involve framing the situation for someone, so that his or her perceptions more closely mirror the Managers perception of reality. Managers cons tantly need to clarify performance and be able to measure the attractiveness of rewards to employees. ) Effective Reward Systems should focus on positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is the most effective tool for encouraging desired behavior because it stimulates people to take actions because they want to because they get something of value (internally or externally) for doing it. An effectively designed and managed reward program can drive an organization's change process by positively reinforcing desired behaviors. The question to ask at this point is how to build an Effective reward system.By taking the five steps listed below, an effective reward system could be achieved Timely. The recognition/rewards should be provided frequently enough to make performers feel valued for their efforts. Achievable. The employee's or group's goals should be within the reach of the performers Meaningful. The achievements rewarded should provide an important return on investment to both the performer and the organization. Specific. A line of sight should be maintained between rewards and actions.Reliable. The program should operate according to its principles and purpose. 3) Performance Management. Organizations should concentrate on the process of managing performance and get away from thinking of the annual performance appraisal process as performance management. The process of performance management reflects how the work gets done and creates the environment in which people feel valued for their achievements. The performance management process includes four critical components:I) A Focus on what is important to change or be improved. II) A Measures to determine whether and how much progress is being achieved. III) Feedback so that performers will know whether and how much progress is being achieved. IV) Reinforcement so that everyone celebrates achievements as they are being unfolded. 4) Clear Communication. Managers should clarify what they mean by performance so that there won’t be misalignment and such that employees would understand how they can support what the manager is trying to accomplish. CONCLUSION:Since reward system cannot be eliminated from the organization system and people tend to do what they perceive will be rewarded, the solution presented here require a shift in every facet of reward system practice. Also worthy to note is that since reward system will keep evolving, some systems being implemented such as broad banding i. e increment in the pay steps within a specific Job title without a promotion and cafeteria-Style Benefits i. e. Ability to allow employees to select from a menu of benefits. Will need to be designed in such ways that makes them Nimble and Flexible.

Compare the descriptions of the four ghosts Essay

Dickens’ little Christmas book, ‘A Christmas Carol’, was one of many of Christmas novels, however the book, as well as selling six thousand copies in one week, has become Dickens most famous novel. Although the Victorians opinions of ghosts were conformist and modern day reader’s opinions are more lax; the variety of spectres ensured it appealed to both ages and revived the charitable meaning of Christmas for the Victorians. The first ghost Dickens introduces to the reader is Marley and he uses vivid adjectives to illustrate the typical conventions of a ghost. Some of these conventions are shown when Dickens writes, ‘The same face: the very same’, and describes his clothes as, ‘usual waistcoat, tights, and boots’. In saying that the ghost has, ‘the same’, face and clothes as the person it originated from, it conforms to the stereotypical image of a ghost. This makes the reader feel more comfortable with the opening of the novel; allowing the reader to make the prediction that the other ghosts would be similar. This successfully results in the reader being shocked later on in the book. Furthermore, Dickens uses personification to create the suspense and fearfulness that the reader would expect a ghost to do. This is evident with the quote, ‘ flame leaped up’, and, ‘it cried, â€Å"I know him! Marley’s ghost†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. When the flame, ‘leaped up’, it gives the effect that it has identified something so fearful that it has gave life to in-animate objects. This makes the reader desperate to find out why this ghost is so frightening. The flame also seems to detect that the ghost is Jacob Marley, which suits the idea that a ghost haunts someone that did wrong to them in their previous life. Adding to the terrifying image of the spectre, Dickens highlights the fear with the phrase, ‘disturbs the very marrow in his bones’. The phrase strengthens the idea that Marley is a typical spectre as a Victorian reader would expect Scrooge to be immensely scared of the ghost, this is because the conformist opinion was that ghosts we’re to be frightened of. Although Marley is overall a conventional ghost, Dickens does use a combination of metaphors and similes to add interesting original touches. These are found when the book says, ‘being provided with an infernal atmosphere of it’s own’, and, ‘as by the hot vapour from an oven’. The simile highlights the alteration between Scrooge and the ghost. One interpretation of this is that the simile is a representation of how a ghost sees the world from a different perspective then a human. The simile emphasises this interpretation and suggests that the difference between the perspectives of the two characters is that the ghost looks on the earth with envy as his own world as Marley’s own world agitates like, ‘hot vapour’. This is one of the first signs that the book will push the conformist boundaries of the after life; alerting the reader to the thought that this ghost has feelings, which is not expected from a Victorian audience. In contrast to the ghost of Jacob Marley, the ghost of Christmas past is strange and unconventional. Just as in the description of Marley, Dickens uses sound to build up suspense. For example, he describes the hour bell as, ‘hollow’. The use of this word may mean that the ghost is evil, however on the other hand it may suggest that it won’t use discretion as it is hollow and doesn’t have a heart; this is significant as it was believed that feelings came from the heart in the Victorian period. The word is successful as it makes the reader make predictions about the ghost before it arrives. This is playing with the reader and will create anxiety, as the reader will want to discover whether the prediction was right or not. In addition, Dickens confirms the idea of a ghost further. This occurs when he writes, ‘unearthly visitor’. One interpretation of this is that the word, ‘unearthly’, gives the impression that it doesn’t belong on earth and is not a typical creature. This adds to the idea of a typical ghost however, a subtle implication strays from the stereotype. The word, ‘visitor’ may imply that the ghost will not stay long which may seem insignificant to a modern reader but the Victorians feared that ghosts would haunt a specific person making their lives a misery. I think that this effectively created an unusual sense around the ghost that pre-emptively warns the reader that it isn’t a normal ghost. Moreover, Dickens uses juxtaposition to make the reader acknowledge that the ghost represents something. The contrast is shown with phrases such as, ‘like a child’, and, ‘like an old man’. The contrast implies that what someone does in the past can alter their future so you should always do the right thing. This representation is further emphasised with the imagery, ‘now with one leg’, and, ‘now with twenty legs’ as it gives an interesting, visibly imaginable example of the change. These quotes are successful as the reader can see that the ghost represents the fact that every action has a consequence.   

Integrative approaches to psychology and Christianity Essay

This book tells about the integrating Christianity and psychology. The author discusses integration a combining the two books of God. According to Entwistle (2004), â€Å"the book of god’s Word referred to the Bible, and the book of God’s works reflects His deeds written throughout His creation. (p. 166). † He includes five models of integration in the book which are: enemies, spies, colonialists, neutral parties, and allies as subjects of One Sovereign. The enemies model sees Christianity and psychology as enemies that need to be kept totally separate. The spies model has one discipline going into the other to take only what works for them. Psychology would enter the Christian world just to take the religious concepts that will work well with psychology. The colonialist model has one discipline colonizing or taking control and prominence over the other. Religion works with psychology as long as religion is superior to psychology. The neutral parties model has both disciplines coexisting and recognizing each other as long as they respect each others’ boundaries. Psychology recognizes that religion has good concepts to offer but it will not encroach on the religion’s domain. The allies as subjects of One Sovereign model have both disciplines working together to help people. It uses psychological and theological concepts together to gain a better understanding of the truth. According to Entwistle (2004), â€Å"God gave birth to the subject of psychology (human behavior) when he created human beings. God granted us the foundations of theology when He gave us His Word (p. 175). † The book tells us that there are two books of God: His word and His works (Entwistle, 2004). Psychology deals with God’s works and theology deals with His word. Our job as Christian counselors is to interpret both books and integrate them together so that we can use both books to help our clients. If we find something that does not make sense between both books, there is a conflict that needs to be resolved before we can use it. At this point, we need to go back and reread and study both books to see if we can find the discrepancy. Entwistle (2004) says that god gave us both books, but we have to interpret them ourselves. The problem is not with God’s books, but it is the way we interpret them. Human understanding of God’s books is based on our worldview (Entwistle, 2004). To properly integrate the two disciplines, we need to have a good understanding of both. We cannot just know theology or psychology and expect to integrate them well. We need to have a working knowledge of psychological theories and concepts as well as a working knowledge of God’s word. We need to remember, though, that our knowledge is only as good as our interpretation. God’s works have been affected by the fall into sin, and as a work of God our interpretations will be colored by the fall as well. I think this book has a lot of good ideas and concepts to it. I found it interesting to discuss the two books of God, because I had heard the term and knew what it meant, but had not really thought about what it included. I also liked the models of integration and their explanations. They were explained well enough that anyone could follow them easily. Some of the things that bothered me the most about the book and its ideas are: the idea of interpretation, the definition of integration, and where do we go from here. If we are the interpreters of God’s two books and we know that the fall and sin have colored our interpretations, how do we know if our interpretations of the books are correct? Can we interpret either book accurately? If our interpretations are wrong, can we do more harm than good to our clients? Is the definition of integration complete enough to help us know what we need to help others? When we use the current definitions of integration, do we get a complete picture of what integration means to both disciplines? With all of the models of integration, where do we go next? How do we make progress in the integration process? Can we ever integrate to a point where we can agree on most aspects of a model, or will there always be disagreement between the disciplines? These are all questions that I think are important to consider about integration. I think that integrating Christianity and psychology can benefit a Christian client by allowing us to address spiritual matters and use spiritual techniques for healing. It is important to remember that religion and psychology are both parts of God’s truth to us and can be used to help ourselves and others. When the two disciplines are integrated, we have many more options than when we use one or the other discipline separately. Finally use of both disciplines can help us reach people of faith as well as people who are not Christians, if we can use them both carefully and competently.