The Roman Social War 91-88 B.C.

Definition: The Social War was a civil war between the Romans and their Italian allies. Like the American Civil War, it was very costly. When the Romans wouldnt grant the Italians equality, most of the allies attempted to secede, although Latium and northern Campania remained loyal to Rome. The rebels made their headquarters at Corfinium, which they renamed Italia. Poppaedius Silo headed the allied Marsic troops and Papius Mutilus headed the Samnites, altogether about 100,000 men. The Romans divided their roughly 150,000 men under the 2 consuls of 90 B.C. and their legates. The Romans in the north were headed by P. Rutilius Lupus, with Marius and Cn Pompeius Strabo (Pompey the Greats father under whom Cicero served) under him. L. Julius Caesar had Sulla and T. Didius under him, in the south. Rutilius was killed, but Marius was able to defeat the Marsi. Rome fared worse in the south, although Papius Mutilus was defeated by Caesar at Acerrae. The Romans made concessions after the first year of the war. The lex Julia gave Roman citizenship to some -- possibly all Italians who stopped fighting or just those who had remained loyal. Next year, in 89 B.C., the Roman consuls were Strabo and L. Porcius Cato. They both went north. Sulla headed the Campanian forces. Marius had no commission despite his successes in 90. Strabo defeated 60,000 Italians near Asculum. The capital, Italia, was abandoned. Sulla made progress in Samnium and captured the Italian HQ at Bovianum Vetus. The rebel leader Poppaedius Silo regained it, but it was defeated again in 88, as were other pockets of resistance. Supplemental laws gave the franchise to the remaining Italians and people of the Italian regions of Gaul by 87. There was still a grievance, though, since new citizens were not equitably distributed among the 35 tribes of Rome. Main Source:H.H. Scullard: From the Gracchi to Nero. Also Known As: Marsic War, Italian War Examples: Military preparation for the Social War took place over the winter of 91/90. It was called the Social War because it was a war between Rome and its socii allies.

The Approach to Nature of Descartes and White Essay

The Approach to Nature of Descartes and White The approach to nature which Renà © Descartes takes is distinct from that of Gilbert White. Descartes and White have similar key methods of examining nature. It is mainly in Descartes’ deductive reasoning and beliefs that lead him to the method of approaching nature internally (mind and body). Conversely, White’s keen observances, inductive reasoning, and appreciation for his surroundings lead him to the method of investigating the external nature (Selborne). Although†¦show more content†¦In this hierarchy, God stands as â€Å"some more perfect being on which [humans] [depend]† (Descartes, 26). Humans are placed in the centre, because God grants us the ability to reason—the ability to distinguish what is true from what is false (Descartes, 22). Below us rest animals, having no reason. Truth in nature therefore, must not come from animals since they are lesser beings, but rather, it must be found within humans. White finds appreciation for the external nature which Descartes considers to be â€Å"less certain† (Descartes, 28). While Descartes takes a rational approach, White takes a scientific, yet literary means toward nature. He observes nature ardently, noting animals’ modes of life—housing, reproduction, communications, transportation, and physical appearance. His ability to personify these animals creates â€Å"a meeting place for wild life and human feeling† (White, xvii). In his recordings for example, White observes the swallow’s mode of life. It builds its nest, â€Å"often within barns and out-houses against the rafters† (White, 156). â€Å"The swallow lays from four to six white eggs, dotted with red specks; and brings about her first brood about the last week in June, or the first week of July† (White, 157). â€Å"The swallow is a delicate songster, and in soft sunny weather singsShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Descartes In Psyc hology715 Words   |  3 Pages Descartes Contribution to Psychology The development of modern psychology had many important contributions. Descartes played a vital role in this development. He attempted to resolve the mind-body controversy that had been around for centuries. The controversy had argued about how the mind (spirt or soul) is distinguished from the body and all other physical qualities (cite). Before Descartes however, the accepted theory was described as the interaction between the two flow together in oneRead MoreDisney s Influence On The Youth1133 Words   |  5 Pagesstereotypical depictions of gender (England, Descartes, and Collier-Meek, 556). They rendered these young princesses as naà ¯ve, submissive, weak, and domestic and the list continues. Take a look at the princesses from the past, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, and Snow White. Sleeping Beauty was placed under a sleeping spell; needed the kiss of true love to come out the deep sleep. Cinderella was shown as weak and submissive to her step mother and step sisters. Snow whi te was depicted as a domestic girl. In allRead MoreEssay about Child Development, Nature vs Nurture801 Words   |  4 Pages. The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative contributions ofgenetic inheritance  and  environmental factors  to human development. Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Other well-known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is known as  tabula rasa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slateRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research1442 Words   |  6 Pageslevel, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 3) Different from quantitative research that collects and analyzes numerical data, qualitative research deals with non-numerical data such as interviews, participant observations, audio and visual imagesRead MoreTaking a Look at Phenomenal Consciousness1020 Words   |  4 Pagesanother. In philosophical terms, dualism is the idea that something can exist with two different components. Rene Descartes, a philosopher in the 16th century, took this idea of dualism and proposed that the mind and the body are two different things, separate entities. Although they are separate entities, they indeed work together to carry out bodily functions and processes. Descartes believed that all material things occupied space and cannot share the same space with other material things. ThusRead MoreMoral Objectivism : The View That What Is Right Or Wrong?924 Words   |  4 Pagesand then it would do no good to lie. Therefore, we should not lie.(2) Simple enough I hope. Deontology is very black and white. The actions of killing, lying, stealing, etc are deemed immoral no matter the circumstances. Deontology has several different theories. Many other philosophers have postulated on this topic. At least one other worth noting is Rene Descartes. 2: Teleological or consequential based theories: (ii) Consequentialist Theories (or Teleological Theories): Theories that claimRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr1952 Words   |  8 PagesJr was no different. When he got jailed in Birmingham in 1963, he penned Letter from Birmingham Jail, which explained his positioning on his nonviolent approach to fighting for Civil Rights. Along with Plato, Descartes, Mills and Rousseau, Dr Martin Luther King Jr was one of the greatest philosophers in history because his nonviolent approach to fighting for Civil Rights (for all colors) sparked a great revolution, throughout the United States and also influenced the rest of the world. Martin LutherRead MoreAnalysis Of Parmenides Description Of The Three Roads1476 Words   |  6 Pagescan also talk of that which is not. It follows that the world is comprised of different components, and we talk of the existing components, such as grass being green, and non existent components such as pigs flying, thus leading to a pluralistic approach to the world. Fundamental to Parmenides’ line of thought is that one cannot talk, or think of that which does not exist, as you cannot talk or think of that, which you possess no knowledge of. Thus, he comes to the conclusion that one can only talkRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 PagesÅžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. AsRead MoreThe Power of Nature and Nurture Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate on nature versus nurture has been a mystery for years, constantly begging the question of whether human behavior, ideas, and feelings are innate or learned over time. Nature, or genetic influences, are formed before birth and finely-tuned through early experiences. Genes are viewed as long and complicated chains that are present throughout life and develop over time. Nature supporters believe that genes form a childs conscience and determine ones approach to life, contrasting with nature is the

Joseph Case Study free essay sample

He has also been stressing, an increase in weight, not exercising, and unhealthy eating. These things could all play a role in how his heart is affected and functioning. His cellular functions are being affected because there is no oxygen flowing throughout the body getting to the heart, cells, organelles, or membranes that keep the body functioning properly. B. ) Assuming Joseph’ heart has stopped, what cellular process and membrane functions are going to be affected by the loss of oxygen, blood glucose, and waste removal? If Joseph’s heart stopped, the cellular process and membrane functions that would be affected are the aerobic process and the mitochondria. Oxygen and glucose are used in glycolysis which is reacted in the mitochondria where ATP is produced. Carbon dioxide is the waste product in this process and needs to be released. With oxygen and glucose not being present ATP cannot be produced and carbon dioxide cannot be released out the body. We will write a custom essay sample on Joseph Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefor the cells are beginning to rapidly die and the pumps are begging to shut down. Without the main energy source for all cells the body cannot function properly. C. ) Which intracellular organelles have membranes as part of their structures? How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of Joseph’s heart cells? * The intracellular organelles that have membranes as part of their structures are the Mitochondria which has two membranes, and the ER, Golgi which only have one, and the ribosomes do not have its own membrane but it attaches to them. Joseph heart was no longer receiving oxygen which made the cells work rapidly to try and give oxygen flow to the heart. The body was deprived of oxygen, glucose, and could not remove waste. There was no oxygen so the carbon dioxide levels in the body began to rise due to not being released, and caused a low pH. The cells and membranes lacked ATP the main source of energy in cells. The mitochondria could not produce ATP because there was no oxygen, so the cells began to die and the membrane pumps began to shut down. There was no oxygen flowing throughout the body which killed the cells and they were not able to be reproduced.

The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision

Introduction Non Governmental Organizations, also known as NGOs, are voluntary organizations that are legally constituted and operated independently from government’s influence. Non Governmental Organizations may be partially sponsored by the government or fully sponsored by individuals and private organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision-making and management in urban development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those that are partially sponsored by the government usually pursue social interests that have political aspects. It should be noted however, that such Non Governmental Organizations, are not political organizations. Thus, they are very different from political parties. On the other hand those Non Governmental Organizations that are fully sponsored by individuals or other private organizations do not have anything to do with the government apart from providing social welfare services to particular communities. Non Governmental Organizations vary in their methods of operations with some acting as lobby groups and others engaging in activities such as conducting programs. Such programs include poverty alleviation in which the Non Governmental Organizations provide people with the necessary equipment and crucial practical skills so that the poor can find food, clean water and appropriate housing by themselves. Lobbyists on the other hand are human rights groups who deal with matters of rights violations. It is crucial to state in this work that Non Governmental Organizations play a primary role in project management. This means that they are directly involved in the management of their programs to ensure openness and thorough implementations. It is in this area of project management that the NGOs get involved in formulation of the structures of decision making and management in various sectors such as urb an development. NGOs usually work directly with particularly vulnerable communities in making sure that they access the necessary goods and services for their welfare. Development in a Globalizing World Non Governmental Organizations are directly involved in shaping of socioeconomic structures in a community. They have continued to increase in popularity as means of improving the quality of life among the vulnerable population. This is the reason why Non Governmental Organizations have been considered as advocates for development in a globalizing world (Rugendyke 2007: 5).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This fact comes about because of comparative advantages the NGOs enjoy over other organizations that are mainly headed by the governments. These advantages include their flexibility and high level of innovations. They respond to need more quickly than bilateral and multilate ral donors. They can implement projects at lower costs than other aid delivery organizations. Non Governmental Organizations are more likely to work with local institutions and also emphasize processes of change and skills learnt instead of providing quantified and tangible goods like the official donors. They also take risks associated with working in physically remote areas, government-neglected sectors or other areas that are politically unpopular (Rugendyke 2007: 5-6). Another factor that makes Non Governmental Organizations to increase in popularity as agents of development in the globalizing world is that they have better links with the neediest groups in financially handicapped populations throughout the world. NGOs are not constrained by having to work through governments. They have the capability of working directly with the vulnerable populations using participatory approaches especially in identification and implementation of projects. They have a longer experience of wor king with the local population thereby processing a more accurate knowledge and understanding of local needs and capabilities (Rugendyke 2007: 5-6). They can engage in lobbying and championing for greater global equity and social justice because they are independent from governments interferences. The Intrinsic Advantages of NGOs Non Governmental Organizations enjoy some intrinsic advantages that aid in their operations. These advantages also cushion them against unfair competition from the government organizations and other donor agencies. This is because NGOs depend mainly on well wisher’s contributions who are individuals. Thus, they may sometimes be faced with financial challenges. It is these intrinsic advantages that help NGOs to remain afloat in taking care of the needs of the vulnerable populations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision-making and management in urban development speci fically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One advantage is that NGOs are less constrained and enjoy the accessibility to modern means of relaying information (Turner 1988: 169-181). Despite political threats experienced in many countries, NGOs are free to say and publish anything they wish. Since they are not involved in internal government’s affairs, NGO staffs are not subject to official or diplomatic secret acts. Usually, the NGO staffs have personal contacts with the news people, a fact further boosted by their high literacy levels. Thus, they can share information and experiences pretty easily. Another advantage the NGOs enjoy is that they have the freedom of communication. For this reason, it is quite easier for them to identify and get into contact with individuals and groups who are involved with the same activities, or who share the same views. Thus, they can organize meetings with specific people they would like to reach. For this reason, it becomes less costly for NGOs to exchange information and services. It has also been a growing trend of increase in trust of NGOs by the vulnerable populations such as the poor and the oppressed. This is because they are relatively independent from both the state and the market forces (Turner 1988: 169-181). Bilateral and multilateral NGOs usually have greater influence if they are based in a nation that is dependent on their trade, aid, as well as political protection. NGOs can therefore act as mediators between parties that do not trust each other due to the atmosphere of hostility prevailing between them. The above three intrinsic advantages of NGOs make it possible for them to be able to co-ordinate the roles of public agencies in project management. This is mostly achieved when the NGOs assume the role of managers, or as community developers. The mediating aspect of NGOs also enables them to act in different sectors. This further enables them to be more responsive to the different demands and activities of a local community like job creation, education and healthcare provision (Turner 1988: 169-181).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contributions of NGOs in Developing Countries through Reformation of Land Policies and Housing Development The necessity of reforms comes in the wake of the period in which the journey toward the lawful acquisition of a plot of land is long and full of confusion. This is because the process involves access to land, registration of land and the acquisition of permission to develop the land which involves a lot of time. In short, the whole process is unduly cumbersome and it involves costly procedures which make the legal system very difficult to access. In many developing countries, Non Governmental Organizations aid in the process of acquisition of lands. It should be noted however, that such land that is acquired by many NGOs in developing countries are mainly communal lands. This means that the acquired land is used for community purposes. It is in these lands that buildings that house community development agencies, NGO offices and other matters of concern to the NGO’s pro grams are built. Voluntary organizations such as specific traditional authorities constitute important interest groups. These groups form a part of the official land management procedures. In the past, many African societies were caught in between the government and such interest groups. This is because the interest groups were more social oriented. However, these groups have continued to shift their modes of approaches from a social to an economic, more market oriented approach (Farvacque McAuslan 1992: VII). Hence major developments related to policy framework concerned with urban infrastructural development have been achieved through the use of voluntary agencies. Non Governmental Organizations have been involved in helping vulnerable communities acquire land. The aid usually comes in form of subsidized cost, less registration procedures and legislative assistance that decrease the amount of resources the target group can use. It is after this process of easier land acquisition that urban communities engage in development activities that include building of their own urban houses. Non Governmental Organizations have also partnered with governments in many urban housing projects that provide poor city dwellers with cheaper rental houses. In many countries in the world, the private sector has been closely involved with the government in building cheaper houses in cities. In Singapore for example, the government has partnered with private sectors in designing and developing diverse kinds of houses in order to expand the range of models available. In this situation the government has authorized the private sector to participate in designing and developing public housing so that urban dwellers may be able to access cheaper housing. As a result of this cooperation, the proportion of owned to rented public dwellings has grown steadily, expanding from 42 per cent in 1980 to 64 per cent 1985, and reaching 80 per cent in 1990 (Shigetomi 2002: 204). In addition to th e above involvements, NGOs have also played a major role in disaster management and reconstructions. A god example is the reconstruction projects of the December 2004 Tsunami in the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The adverse effects of the earthquake led to the more than four hundred agencies flooding into the area with funding and promise of brighter future (Fengler and Kharas 2010: 44). This is a good example that shows the importance of NGO synergies in reconstruction and project management in an urban set up. There are several proposed policies for NGOs that aid in provision of housing for the poorest income group. NGOs are usually encouraged to help the capacity building of the urban poor. They also aid in slum improvement projects. Another way that the NGOs would come in handy is by building cooperative housing. The NGOs in partnership with the government can act as guarantors against loan for housing for the poor. The Role of NGOs for Low Income Groups The society can be cat egorized into three sub sectors. The sub sectors include the state, the market and the voluntary sector. At this particular instance, the voluntary sector shall be discussed in a brief but comprehensive manner. The voluntary sector engulfs the civil societies including Non Governmental Organizations. It is worth noting that NGOs are independent organizations that seek neither coercion nor profit to implement their programs. That is why they are also called non-profit organizations. The role of non profit organization depends heavily on politics and the system of governance prevailing in a particular country. Thus democratization improves the performance of Non Governmental Organizations. Governments can enact some macro-policy reforms which can improve the activities of Non Governmental Organizations. These policies include alteration of interest rates and exchange rates, and removal of bureaucratic barriers. This will enhance the growth and development of non profit organizations s uch as co-operatives. Many Non Governmental Organizations will also respond and co-work with the government if the particular government’s policy reflects that of alleviating the sufferings of a particular vulnerable population. Non Governmental Organizations have also been involved in propagating conscientization ideologies to the poor so that their actions are not just to improve the living standards of the poor but also to help the poor to perceive their exploitation and to decipher the opportunities available for overcoming such exploitation through mass organization (Clark 1991: 36). Non Governmental Organizations are known to supplement the government’s responsibilities in many sectors related to development and welfare. The roles they play are very crucial to a country’s development in infrastructure and real estate. It is therefore not coincidental that most NGOs target the poor who reside mainly in cities (Rahman Not Dated: 18). This is because in most developing countries, most urban areas are characterized by lack of proper housing. The main suppliers of housing are private entrepreneurs. The typical housing facilities in such areas are usually costly due to the demand. Many governments in such countries are thus unable to meet the huge housing demands thereby involving the Non Governmental Organizations which engage a participatory approach to deliver shelter and credits to these populations (Rahman Not Dated: 17). It is through such initiatives that middle income units and low income units are built. Many NGOs are thus involved in providing credits to the poor so that they can purchase the housing units (Nenova 2010: 19). Problems of NGOs in Housing the Urban Poor Non governmental Organizations also have a share of their challenges just like other organizations. Many movements have been engaged in logistic and diplomatic battles when they want to implement certain projects. The problems involve resistance from the status quo. The status quo includes a section of the people within the community in question. These people may challenge the implementation of NGOs’ programs because they may feel threatened especially if the program in question is one that involves their particular interest. Some government agencies may also prove to be firm stumbling blocks especially if the system of governance does not provide specific and firm legislation concerning particular interests. In many instances, Non Governmental Organizations have found it quite challenging to persuade residents of a particular vulnerable community to cooperate with each other. This is especially evident in a multicultural society within an urban set up. Even if such persuasion becomes successful, the particular project may be faced with a successive challenge emanating from the complex intertwining interests of the community. This is because many people will want to see the returns of a Non Governmental program within short periods. Anot her challenge comes in during the implementation phase of a particular project. Many residents who are comfortable with the status quo often give the implementers a hard time in changing from one aspect of life to the other. For instance, many slum residents may resist the demolition of their houses even if they have been offered cheaper and better housing elsewhere. Such problems were experienced in Korea during the 1980s, when Citizens’ Coalition for Economic Justice (CCEJ) was engaged in poverty alleviation and housing improvements in the slums (Ha 2002: 224). However, the Non Governmental Organizations are looking into ways of dealing with such issues. Actually, at the moment, most of the Non Governmental Organizations that are more experienced have been able to tackle the problem using less violent means such as legislative measures Conclusion NGOs are voluntary organizations that are legally constituted and operated independently from government influence. They may be p artially sponsored by the government or fully sponsored by individuals and private organizations. Those that are partially sponsored by the government usually pursue social interests that have political aspects. It should be noted however, that such Non Governmental Organizations, are not political organizations. Non Governmental Organizations are directly involved in shaping of socioeconomic structures in a community. They have continued to increase in popularity as means of improving the quality of life among the vulnerable population. This is the reason why Non Governmental Organizations have been considered as advocates for development in a globalizing world. In many countries in the world, the private sector has been closely involved with the government in building urban houses. In Singapore for example, the government has partnered with private sectors in designing and developing diverse kinds of houses in order to expand the range of models available. Non Governmental Organiz ations have also been involved in propagating conscientization ideologies to the poor so that their actions are not just to improve the living standards of the poor but also to help the poor to perceive their exploitation and to decipher the opportunities available for overcoming such exploitation through mass organization Reference List Clark, J., 1991. What Are The Voluntary Organizations And Where Have They Come From? From Clark, John, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations pp. 34-51, London: Earthscan@ Farvacque, C., McAuslan, P. 1992. Reforming Urban Land Policies and Institutions in Developing Countries. The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, Washington. Fengler, W., Kharas, H. 2010. Delivering and Differently: Lessons from the Field. The Brookings Institution, Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, DC 20036. Ha, S., 2002. The role of NGOs for low-income groups in Korean society. Environmental urbanization Vol 14 No 1 A pril 2002. Nenova, T. 2010. Expanding Housing Finance To The Underserved In South Asia: Market Review And Forward Agenda: The World Bank. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, Washington DC 20433. Rahman, M. Not Dated. Role of the NGOs in Urban Housing for the Poor in Dhaka, Bangladesh. GBER Vol. 5 No. 1 pp 16-29. [Online] Web. Rugendyke, B., 2007. NGOs as Advocates for Development in a Globalizing World. Routledge, New York. Shigetomi, S., 2002. The state and NGOs: Perspective from Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Pasir Panjang, Singapore. Turner, J., 1988. Conclusions from Turner, Bertha, Building community: a Third World case book pp. 169-181. London, Community Books @ This essay on The role of NGOs in the reformulation of the structures of decision-making and management in urban development was written and submitted by user Matthias Hansen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.