Requirements Of Managers In Contemporary Business Practices Management Essay

Requirements Of Managers In Contemporary Business Pr wagerices perplexity Essay takings Imagine there is a proposed merger amid a Chinese comp any(prenominal) and a in the south-Afri crumb company. You atomic number 18 appointed to lead a team consisting of managers from both countries to examine any cultural problems linked to the proposed merger. Applying the exertion of Hofstede and Trompenaars, how close would the cultural fit be and how might you operatek to improve cultural intellectual between the two free radicals of managers?IntroductionIn todays moving in environment, possessing management skills alone is no yearlong sufficient to be successful. Contemporary telephone line practices require that managers have knowledge and experience regarding the differences between management and leading as well, and how both activities must be integrated for business success.With the impressiveness of International Business environment is raising, belowstanding the host coun trys culture cease give managers a competitive advantage.The objective of this assignment is to examine any cultural problems linked to the proposed merger between Chinese Company and a South-African Company, by using Hofstedes dimensions of guinea pig culture, and then explore solutions which can improve cultural correspondence between the two gatherings of managers.This assignment mainly has two parts the first part will give out the cultural problems from two companys array and the second part is going to find the solutions for the issues.Part One- heathen ProblemsChina -South Africa team- imprintAs we may realize that the globalisation of the world economy, on one hand, has created tremendous opportunities for global collaboration among different countries on the other hand, however, it has as well created a unique set of problems and issues relating to the effective management of partnerships with different cultures. With the increasing importance of the China food mar ket in the world economy, many businessmen rushed to enter China to explore business opportunities.preponderantly motivated by the quest for material inputs (oil and other primary commodities) required for its infrastructural investments and booming manufacturing sector, Chinese presence in Africa is rapidly growing (Song Li, 2004). The rapid growth and significance of enhanced Chinese participation in Africa has important implications eon talking about cultural fonts.Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions on China and South AfricaBy applying Geert Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions, the culture difference between China and South-Africa has been displayed in the below charts.Five factors have been discussed on Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions (Hofstede, 1997)Power Distance world power (PDI) that is the extent to which the little business leaderful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.Individualism (IDV), on the one si de versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which undivideds ar inte-grated into groups.Masculinity (MAS), versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is other(prenominal) fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions atomic number 18 arrange.Uncertainty evasion Index (UAI) which cares with a societys perimeter for uncertainty and ambiguity it ultimately refers to mans search for Truth. farseeing-Term Orientation (LTO) which versus short- border orientation.harmonize to Hofstedes Value Dimensions on China (See below chart), it can be concluded that China has a relatively lavishly long-term orientation. This has a historical family with its economy. Commonly, most of Asian countries are belonging to the less developed / developing countries. Suffering bad sequences taught many Chinese populate to think and act on a long-term basis.Prior to Chinas economic reform, the government ruled all strategies, supplies, and financial allocations. Leaders, under the contemporary definition, did not exist, because all organizations had to do was to make sure that the allocated quotas were fulfilled, and that the people assigned to them were cared for. The notion of leaders was fulfilled entirely by Confucian determine, aligning allegiance to CEOs with allegiance to the government. til now, in 1978, managers of state- sustained companies were now trustworthy for corporate operations and profit-making.Example 1- ChinaSource Cultural Dimensions on China, 2009Now looking at the figures of South Africa cultural dimensions, it is easy to find that the South Africa has a comparable high IDV and MAS, and its PDI and UAI are a little bit low. It means that people are functioning to work individually and certain of tender hierarchy exist which has much relation with its history.Example 2- South AfricaSource Cultural Dimensions on South Africa, 2009Analysis on different cultural dime nsionsTo clarify the differences between China and Africa, the student will steering on Hofstedes five cultural dimensions power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance and long-term/short-term orientation also called Confucian Dynamism(Hofstede, 1997).China and Africa differ greatly with regard to their economic systems, political systems, kindly values, and laws, despite the substantial changes that have occurred in China during recent years(McCoy, 2005). Some differences can be found according to Hofstede studies on culture differences.Power DistanceChina is centralized (though it has shown some tendency toward alter power) while Africa is relatively decentralized. In high power distance cultures, authority is inherent in ones blot indoors a hierarchy. There are strong dependency dealinghips between parents and children, bosses and subordinates and a significant hearty distance between superior and subordinate. In low power d istance or power tolerance cultures, individuals assess authority in view of its perceived rightness.IndividualismThe student notices in both cases that distant to western countries which have a strong individualism, China and Africa have a strong collectivism. Individualism-collectivism refers to the relative importance of the interests of the individual versus the interests of the group. In state-controlled societies, the interests of the group take precedence over individual interests. People see themselves as part of in-groups and the in-groups look after them in exchange for their loyalty. In individualistic cultures, the interest of the individual takes precedence over the groups interest.MasculinityAfrica has higher value than China in masculinity, which heads that Africa is medium masculinity while China is medium femininity. Masculinity-femininity or goal orientation pertains to the extent to which traditional male orientations of ambition and feat are emphasized over t raditional female orientations of nurturance and inter ad hominem harmony (Song Li, 2004). Cultures differ on what motivates people to achieve different goals. Cultures of the aggressive goal behaviour type (masculinity) value material possessions, money, and assertiveness whereas cultures of the nonope intellectual goal behaviour type (femininity) value social relevance, quality of life and welfare of others.Uncertainty AvoidanceChina and Africa have higher values for uncertainty avoidance the West. This shows that in both sides, people are relatively risk-avoiding while western people are relatively risk-taking. Uncertainty avoidance captures the degree to which individuals in a culture feel threatened by ambiguous, uncertain, or new situations. Cultures are characterized as any high or low on uncertainty avoidance. Whereas low uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer affirmatory response to change and new opportunities, high uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer structure and con sistent routine.Long/Short-term OrientationAfrica has a short-term orientation while China has a long-term orientation. to a fault called Confucian dynamism, this last dimension assesses a societys capacity for patience and delayed gratification. Long-term oriented cultures (China and Hong Kong) tend to save more money and exhibit more patience in reaping the results of their actions. Short-term oriented cultures (African countries) inadequacy to maximize the present rewards and are relatively less prone to saving or anticipating long term rewards. It has been widely accepted that cultural differences greatly affect human thinking and behaviour and thus business organizations in which people interact on the basis of shared values. Management is embedded in a wider societal setting, and is heavily influenced by local historical and cultural norms (DiMaggio and Powell, 2003). The significant differences between Africa and China count to affect some aspects of their business managemen t practice.Part two-SolutionsCultural Differences in business StrategiesBecause entrepreneurs mature within a societal context, their attitudes toward cooperation are likely to be influenced by the underlying values of their society (Weaver, 2000). As discussed above, Africa and China have a strong collectivism. People depend more on groups or institutions to fructify what they should do and emphasize loyalty to the group. They are more likely to cooperate with others to avoid risks and reduce responsibilities. However due to the medium masculinity, Africans sometimes are reluctant to cooperate because their masculine culture view cooperation in general as a sign of weakness and place a high value on independence and control. In the unconscious process of cooperation, Chinese tend to pay more attention to relationships. The student has to elevate the term Guanxi which in English means relation or connection is at the centre of businesses in China. In Weavers studies (2000), the s tudent found that entrepreneurs from societies that are masculine and individualistic have a lower gustatory modality for cooperative strategies as compared to entrepreneurs from societies that are feminine and collectivist in nature.Cultural Differences in Conflict ManagementIn order to solve conflicts, Chinese and Africans have different ways. For Chinese where harmony and personal relationship are truly important, they dont like open conflict therefore they use indirect ways to work out problems. Anytime there is conflict, they use the authority to end up with it or settle things in private. dialog and compromise are determinant for them in this case. Contrary to them, Africans managers like Europeans or Americans, will directly show problems and bring them out in the open (Richmond and Gestrin, 2008). To resolve problems, everybody is involved in order to bring rational arguments and ideas to suggest solutions. We can notice that Chinese avoid this method because for them th at will create disagreement which is very undesirable. African managers are reluctant to devote their time and efforts together in solving business conflicts. early(a) peoples help is needed. In contrast, according to Bond (2001), the strong collective orientation and uncertainty avoidance values in China encourage Chinese managers to use indirect forms of influence that involve the assistance of a third party. Indirect forms are used by Chinese managers to deal with a difficult or controversial request. In this way, they avoid losing face or damaging guanxi.Cultural Differences in Decision-making Risk-taking/Risk-avoidingChinese and African managers differ from in the attitudes toward risks when they make decisions for their different values in uncertainty avoidance. Chinese managers with a high uncertainty-avoidance have a lack adventurous spirit and the sense of risks. Immediate decisions which make them lose the luck to compete in a market are avoided in the case they feel the circumstance is uncertain. just about of the time, they essential to be safe by taking less risky decisions. For African managers, it is almost the same. nitty-gritty and lower level supervisors are less willing to make decisions without deference to superiors. The result is that decision-making takes much longer than anticipated and requires more input from players at various social and professional levels. Uncertainty Avoidance measures for Africa indicate low risk taking and a resistance to change which can further delay projects which realize problems mid-cycle.Levels of Participation in Decision-makingThe decision-making process involves making sense of ambiguity and taking risks (Jackson, 2003).The decision maker is operative on the information available about what has already happened, what is assumed to have happened or is happening. The second aspect is future oriented (Brady, 2000). A risk is being taken because one is applying a perspective base on knowledge of the past, and projecting this to what might happen in the future if a certain crease of action is followed. Chinese managers or African managers have different level of participation in decision- making. In China, decisions are participatory. Employees accept decisions handed down by their supervisors. Because of their unquestioning attitudes towards their supervisors, they resist participation in decision-making. In Africa, managers make individual decisions. They dont consult with others but can defer to their supervisors. They value personal equality. To summarize, the student can say that Chinese managers adopt the no participatory approach to decision-making. The decisions come from the higher superiors to the subordinates. However, since the reforms in China, things are changing. More and more, participatory decision-making is starting to be used in a certain number of companies.Cultural Differences in Work-group CharacteristicsThe first difference about the work-group characteri stics is the concept of brotherhood, network, family feeling which is at the heart of all Chinese interactions. In African business style which is quasi the western business style, managers focus on the deal, the possibilities, the risks and so on. There is less focus on the people they are doing business with. They may encourage their group members to learn from each other, to focus on task rather than on social and interpersonal relations, and to haoma the confidence required for superior performance. They make difference between personal relationship and work.In China, it is the opposite. Chinese managers may initially focus more effort on building social and interpersonal relations (Guanxi) before entering into business or contractual relationship. They would like to spend time developing and maintaining guanxi during the process of interaction and consider it as a prerequisite to do business. A good deal of time is spent exploring peoples characters. People want to know your b ackground, your family situation, your likes and dislikes. A good deal of business is conducted in feast halls. Chinese accept a persons true character comes out during these moments. The only purpose during these meetings is to see a persons other side, the human side. If they are comfortable with you, and if they think they can trust you, that you can be invited to essence the family, you and your business are made. Chinese managers are not interested in short term they want long, life-long business relations.However, as the economy has become increasingly marketized, privatized and competitive, the value and effectiveness of the Guanxi system has greatly deteriorated. In industries that have been substantially deregulated or privatized, or where there is vigorous competition, business is business, and Guanxi has been neutralized or marginalized. Relationships or connections now resemble that which we find elsewhere.Cultural Differences in Motivation SystemsIn business contexts , the motivations of employees, partners, superiors, social associates, and members of a society spring from cultural values, or what people think is important. In order to register how to do business with members of some other culture, it is infallible to understand what motivates them, to know where to begin and what you need to cover all necessary bases.According to Aguinis (2002), employees can be rewarded according to their performance, equally, or based on their needs. In general, the equity article of belief is common in individualistic cultures while the equality principle is widely used in collectivistic cultures. Pay for performance and pay equity are the two main differences in motivation systems. From the fifties until the 1980s, every aspect of Chinas economic activity was planned, controlled and operated by the government (Helen, D. 2008). There was no private self-possession of any property or asset, and, consequently, no profit motive for individuals or enterpr ises.The government would allocate everyone a pre-defined slice of the big pie. If anyone wanted more than what was allocated to him/her, it meant circumventing that system and getting someone in that allocation chain of mountains to provide a special favour. People were obliged to sacrifice their individual interests for those of the society. Cooperation, interdependence, group goals that create group harmony are applied in China. The sense of belonging and devoting to the group are important for Chinese people. Focusing on the view that ones success is mainly based on group work they believe that one cannot claim the reward just for oneself. Contrary to what some Chinese researchers argued on this part, the student can say while setting salaries Chinese managers will not pay more attention to the working(a) experience and academic qualifications of employees. In that case, the equality principle is reflected in the motivation system.For African managers, individual feat is impor tant. They are expected to achieve success only by their individual efforts. Value competition, achievement and personal goals are their main motivations in order to have plans to recognize their individual contributions. Their success relies on their own efforts. Talents and work performance of the employees will be considered by their superiors for salary increases and promotion.ConclusionAs a result, understanding other cultures is more important than ever. If we consider that people from the same economic, political, and cultural background have problems communication effectively we can appreciate the difficulties and challenges that people from diverse cultures face when trying to communicate. Misunderstandings will always be a part of cultural aspects. Companies need to think outside the proverbial box when formulating their business strategies and when collaborating and forming business partnerships. As sometimes companies move to do business in other countries, a greater p redisposition to culture will be required and an understanding of cultural realities should facilitate business transactions.Knowing another culture is a legitimate concern of businesses. More than that, it is essential. Those who make effort the effort to understand another culture gain knowledge about how to behave in that culture. Otherwise, if you know what people value and understand their attitudes, you wont unintentionally do something that offends and diminishes your chances for business success. In todays global businesses context, the winners are not those who study the markets they deal with even if its important but those who study people they deal with.