Analysing the various Management Principles and Applications

Analysing the various commission Principles and ApplicationsThe need for professional charge came along with large-m bulge unwraphed scale businesses from the industrial revolution. This is generally beneathstood to cover the period from around 1760 to 1850 in this time there was a major economic growth. The division of labour, feature with technological advances provided the economic need for a factory system. The factory system however, brought new problems for owners managers.thither ar various pioneers who contributed to the development of management, these embarrassF.W. Taylor (1856-1915) he was cognize as father of scientific management, was a professional engineer.H.L. Gantt (1861- 1919) his main interest was homophile organisms in industry he wanted to establish democratic societies in factories.Abraham Maslow was a behavioural psychologist who worked in academia and industry. He wrote various books on human relations. The first book was on motivating and Perso nality set out the ineluctably of a human being these be still hugely consequential factors today.Definitions of ManagementThere is no generally accepted definition of management, however, the better(p) definition is said to be that of Henri Fayol (1841-1925) who was a French Engineer, as even today the principles remain the same.To manage is to forecast and plan, to organise, to teaching, to coordinate and to hold. H. Fayol (1916)Henri Fayols definition of management is establish upon his initial idea that forecasting planning was about looking to the future coming up with a plan of action to allow objectives to be met. Organising was seen in structural terms while commanding was said to refer to maintaining performance amongst personnel. Coordinating is a unifying activity which effectively allows all parts of an activity to work in harmony finally controlling meant, ensuring things are done in accordance with established specifications policies etc. Henri Fayol ther efore is responsible for identifying the principles of management which are listed below are further detailed in task 2 of this assignment.ForecastingPlanningOrganisationCommand (Motivating) autocraticCo-ordinating and communicatingAnother definition is that of Edward Brech the last of the management pioneers. He believed that management was for the good of society and integrity was its cornerstone. He collated ideas, added his own developed training programmes textbooksManagement is a social care for the process consists of planning, control, coordination and motivation. EFL Brech (1957)Another definition is that of Harold Koontz Cyril ODonnell, both professors of business management at the University of California.Management is an operational process initially best dissected by analysing the managerial functions The five essential managerial functions (are) planning, organising, staffing, conducting and leading and controlling. Koontz ODonnell (1984)The definitions of Brech Koontz ODonnell are base upon that of Henri Fayol however they devote made some small changes, for example Henri Fayols term command is changes to motivation by Brech directing or leading by Koontz ODonnell.P2 Explain the principles and processes of management.A managers transmission line consists of planning, organising, directing controlling a come withs resources which include the workforce, equipment, finances, facilities materials etc. Management alike includes the recording storing of facts information for later use or for the use of others at heart the cheek to assist them with their own objectives. Management is not lonesome(prenominal) throttle to managers supervisors as every member or employee is responsible to some extent for managing their own functions as part of their job.The main principles of management expound by Fayol are as followsForecastingPlanningOrganisationMotivatingControllingCo-ordinating and communicatingWithin all comp any(prenominal ) or organization a manager has galore(postnominal) roles responsibilities there job requires that they have the all of these skills to fulfill the role of manager.ForecastingForecasting is concerned with the future economics of a company or organisation. This involves decisions being made to steer the company or organisation in the right direction these decisions go away be based upon forecasts by the management. These may include fiscal forecasts such as the annual turnover of the company the requirements of funding to allow the company to fund their projects. Forecasts may also be in relation to the companys work load therefore allowing them to forecast the required resources i.e. labour.PlanningPlanning involves the future co-ordination of projecting controlling of resources. Many decisions made in regarding planning will be based upon the companys forecasts as explained previously however planning will also be done on each undivided project. This involves the reserva tion of decisions which will allow the company or organisation to meet the demands of their clients mark that the objectives of the business are met. The main objective of a typical business is to make profit, therefore each individual project will be planned organised in detail will be closely managed monitored to ensure it is moving in the right direction, and therefore ensuring that the clients demands are met that the businesss objectives are met.OrganisationOrganisation involves the arrangement of the company structure while establishing relationships resources which will allow the companys objectives to be met. Any company or organisation will require that all of their individual departments are organized appropriately to allow them to function meet their demands. A managers job will be to put each individual within their department with their own roles responsibilities while ensuring that they all meet their demands in accordance with any specifications timescale s while ensuring that they are coordinated with any relevant site based activities.MotivationThis is the process to improve the physiological state of morale within the workforce of a company. A companys most important asset is its personnel, therefore it could be said that the motivation of the employees is essential. The identifiable needs of an employee includeTo be paid fairly to allow them a comfortable measurement of living.To be treated as an individual while being recognized as a crucial part of the team.To have a reasonable horse sense of security in their job.To be allowed the opportunity to show their ability initiative.Having a socially acceptable job with a sense of belonging and acceptance, allowing a steep self esteem.Having the opportunity to progress within the company.An employees motivational needs is what that particular employee needs are in distinguish to help keep them happy in their job, thus allowing them to perform to the best of their ability. Many of these needs may also be much important than others which a manager should have the ability to come up fulfil, for example, an employee might smelling that they should be recognised as an important member of the team as this may boost their confidence. Once their confidence is boosted their motivational needs are therefore fulfilled. There are many ways in which companys work towards meeting the motivational needs of their employees as a whole these include the introduction of bonus schemes and provision of good welfare facilities etc.ControllingControlling refers to the continuous observation of a project to ensure that the work is carried out is continuing as it was initially planned. Should it be noticed that the project is not progressing as per planned corrective action will be taken to even up this. Controlling is the tactical spear of the management involves checking the current achievement with pre-determined targets. Controlling may comprise ofThe control of the pro jects overall budget.The control of monetary payments for the supply of materials services.Controlling the progress of the project.Co-ordinationCoordination is crucial to ensure that each team or department involved in a project works in harmony to ensure that the project is stainless with the least possible problems throughout the duration of the project. The coordination of management requires regular communication typically in the form of meetings to integrate ideas into action. Co-ordination is not only crucial between the management employees in any one company, it is crucial that there is co-ordination between all parties involved in a project. This provide be difficult particularly in large scale projects where for example the Client, Architect, Quantity Surveyor, Contractor Sub-Contractors etc must all work together to ensure that the project is completed successfully. This is where good management is essential to ensure the co-ordination between all of these parties.Co mmunicationCommunication is to probably the single most important element within any organisation in particular any construction project as good communication is critical as it ensures the coordination and control of individuals, groups and departments not only within one company or organisation but also within all the other parties who may be involved with a project. Communication ensures control of a companys plans and procedures that any instructions given to staff by the management are clearly understood. Poor communication bathroom lead to ineffective control, distressing coordination and inevitably management failure which will ultimately result in a failure to meet a companys objectives i.e. a loss of money.Often, communication can be hindered by simple barriers such as the use of different phrases expressions between parties. Different languages may also pose a problem in international contracts, while modern communication systems such as emails etc may be misrepresent ed. In the construction industry in particular there is a slight advantage as much of the communication is done by the use of detailed drawings which represent the same to each individual no calculate what their language may be.P3 Explain the motivational needs of individuals and groups, leadership styles and concepts of team working.MotivationMotivation is mainly concerned withThe forces that stimulate human behaviour.The factors that channel direct this behaviour.The way in which this behaviour can be maintained or eliminated.Motivation is crucial in all workplaces regardless of the nature of work carried out. retentivity employees highly motivated is the key to a successful workplace. An employee who is happy, satisfied motivated in their job will inevitably be more productive than an employee who has small-minded or no motivation. There have been various motivation theories but all with the same intentions. A highly motivated workforce is ultimately more productive this ca n help to increase labour outputs therefore decreasing costs which will in turn generate more profit for the business. Motivation not only increases the quantity of work but also the quality, therefore having a large group of highly motivated employees can have a positive effect on any business.People can be motivated in various different ways this will be low-level upon their individual needs requirements. For example, one employee may be more motivated by being given the opportunity to use their own initiative, while some other employee may be more motivated by the prospect of bonus schemes. Setting work related goals is another method of motivating employees as they are more likely to be productive if they have a target to work toward whereas If a task has no target it may cause employee to tincture dissatisfied therefore they will be less motivated.There have been various pioneers of management theories throughout the years. Amongst them are those by Frederick Herzberg, who believed that the key motivators were achievement, recognition, advancement and job interest. Others include John Adair, Peter Drucker, Elton Mayo Victor Vroom.As was briefly explained in task 1 of this assignment Maslow wrote a book based on human relations. In the book he wrote about the factors which drive or motivate people. Once a group or individuals needs are satisfied, then they will not be motivated by the same benefits as generally humans all ways expect more. Maslows report shows in order to achieve good results from the staff and able to complete our new proposed building successfully we would have to ensure the employees needs are catered for and their problems are being listened to.Maslow define five orders of needs which are as followsPhysiological- The basic survival requirements of warmth, shelter and foodSecurity- Protection from danger of threatSocial- Relations with others, expressed as association comradeship or loveSelf-Respect- Sense of personal worth, res pect and autonomySelf-Actualisation- Sense of achieving your full potentialA more recent and modern advancement was from Sheila Ritchie and Peter Martin who developed a theory in the late 1990s that began under the assumption that it was a managers task to discover what motivates their workforce. They identified twelve motivational drivers including, the human needs for interesting work, a variety in work, achievement, power, self development, creativity, influence, social contact, money and perks, structure and rules, long term relationships good working conditions.The idea was based on having a method of motivation for each employee as it was based on the belief that each individual had different motivators therefore should have their own motivators used with them. For example, if an employee has worked well achieved more when targets are set, then the manager should make the effort to ensure the employee know what was expected of them at all times. However, this method is not always going to be practical many companies simply use incentive schemes which are aimed at all employees. These may include incentives such as extra time off or bonuses in pay for exceeding their targets. Many companys also make use of team building old age which are also aimed to increase motivation within the workforce. These days out can range from sporting activities to evening meals all paid for by the employer.leaders StylesThere are various different styles of leadership used in the workplace this will vary dependent upon the workforce in general, for example, if there is a mixture of non-skilled skilled workers, each of these groups may need a different style of leadership to fully motivate them gain the best from them there will of course be a difference upon individuals. The main leadership styles are defined asAutocraticAn autocratic leader can be described as one who simply issues orders to their workforce expects everyone to comply.DemocraticA democratic leader m anages by consultation with their workforce encourages each individual to participate, therefore evolution a team approach in the workplace.There have been various studies in regards to management leadership, for example Rensis Likert (1903-1981) an American psychologist statistician conducted research on human behaviour within different types of organisation during his research he studied different styles of leadership defined four main types of management system as follows.Exploitive / Authoritative System.Decisions are imposed on employees.Employees are motivated by means of threats i.e. the loss of their job.High levels of management have great responsibility.There is no responsibility for low levels of management.Poor communication teamwork.Consultative SystemThe leadership will have some trust in their employees.Motivation is gained by rewards by having involvement in the decision making.There is a varying level of responsibility over all levels of management.There is s ome communication teamwork.Participative assemblage SystemThe leadership have full confidence in their employees.Motivation is gained via economic reward earned through joint targets being met.All employees feel that they have a responsibility for the companys targets.Good communication team work tales place.Benevolent / Authoritative SystemLeadership via master / servant trust.Motivation is gained by the provision of rewards i.e. pay increases.Levels of management have great responsibility.There is no responsibility for low levels of management.Poor communication teamwork.The style a leader adopts depends on their perception of their workers motivation for example, do workers need to be driven autocratically and motivated by wage increases or are they better motivated by being allowed to voice their opinions assist in the decision making.A leadership styles success depends on the circumstances the leader is in, for example if a leader is under pressure it may be more benefici al to use an autocratic style of leadership. How close workers are may also have an influence, for example a team of workers who have worked together for a long time may be more motivated by being involved in the making of decisions. The method of leadership adopted should be carefully considered as leadership styles can also affect employee motivation.Team WorkingTeam working can be beneficial in many circumstances in the workplace. This allows for more ideas to be generated more feedback to be received by the management. Team working also allows for greater coordination of works while allowing individuals to use their strengths in place of other team members weaknesses.Merit CriteriaSchools of ManagementDuring the late 19th early 20th centuries, management theory was developed was classified as either scientific management or administrative management many of the techniques concepts are still used in modern management.